Generation of potent dominant negative transcriptional inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods and compositions for regulating gene expression using transcription factors linked to proteins that localize to the transcriptional machinery.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 60/817,927, filed Jun. 30, 2006, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under Grant Nos. R01 AI29135 and R41CA 103407, awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The regulation of gene expression by transcription factors is a fundamental aspect of the physiology of all cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In eukaryotic organisms, for instance, a variety of transcription factors govern cell growth, differentiation, and death. The appropriate spatial and temporal expression of specific transcription factors governs development. As examples, transcription factors such as Myc and E2F control progression through the cell cycle; homeodomain, paired box, and forkhead transcription factors, among others, are involved in embryonic development; p53 is involved with tumor suppression and cell death; steroid hormone receptors, such as sex hormone, glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and thyroid hormone receptors have pleiotrophic effects on various aspects of physiology.

The aberrant expression of transcription factors can lead to abnormal development and various disease states. The inappropriate expression of proto-oncogenes such as c-Myc through chromosomal translocation can lead to cancers such as Burkitt's lymphoma. The formation of a PML-RARa fusion protein has been shown to be responsible for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Loss of p53 expression results in increased susceptibility to various cancers. The inappropriate expression or loss of expression of heart specific transcription factors such as Tbx1, Tbx5, NRx2.5, Gata4, Sal4, and Eya4 have been shown to result in congenital heart defects.

Improved methods for regulating gene expression by modulating transcription factor function would result in more optimal treatment of many diseases.

One disease which might be approached by modulating transcription factor function is acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been identified as the etiological agent responsible for AIDS, a fatal disease characterized by destruction of the immune system and the inability to fight off life threatening opportunistic infections. Recent statistics indicate that as many as 33 million people worldwide are infected with the virus. In addition to the large number of individuals already infected, the virus continues to spread. Estimates from 1998 point to close to 6 million new infections in that year alone. In the same year there were approximately 2.5 million deaths associated with HIV and AIDS.

HIV is a member of the class of viruses known as retroviruses. The retroviral genome is composed of RNA, which is converted to DNA by reverse transcription. This retroviral DNA is then stably integrated into a host cell's chromosome and, employing the replication machinery of the host cells, produces new retroviral particles and advances the infection to other cells. HIV appears to have a particular affinity for the human T-4 lymphocyte cell, which plays a vital role in the body's immune system. HIV infection of these white blood cells depletes this white cell population. Eventually, the immune system is rendered inoperative and ineffective against various opportunistic diseases such as, among others, pneumocystic carini pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, and cancer of the lymph system.

There are currently a number of antiviral drugs available to combat the infection. These drugs can be divided into four classes based on the viral protein they target and their mode of action. In particular, one class of such antiviral drugs are competitive inhibitors of the aspartyl protease expressed by HIV. Other agents are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that behave as substrate mimics to halt viral cDNA synthesis. A class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors inhibit the synthesis of viral cDNA via a non-competitive (or uncompetitive) mechanism. Another class are drugs that block viral fusion. Used alone, these drugs show effectiveness in reducing viral replication. However, the effects are only temporary as the virus readily develops resistance to all known agents.

As indicated above, a number of critical points in the HIV life cycle have been identified as possible targets for antiviral drugs including (1) the initial attachment of the virion to the T-4 lymphocyte or macrophage site; (2) the transcription of viral RNA to viral DNA (reverse transcriptase, RT); and (3) the processing of gag-pol protein by HIV protease. An additional, potentially attractive therapeutic target is transcription of the HIV genome. Transcription of the HIV genome is essential for replication of the virus after integration of viral DNA into a host cell chromosome. However, attempts to target HIV transcription have been hampered, in part, by the fact that transcription of the integrated HIV genome utilizes the host cell transcriptional machinery as well as viral transcription factors. Thus, therapies that attempt to target the transcription of the HIV genome may also interfere with transcription of normal host cell genes. Attempts have been made to target specifically HIV transcription by the generation of dominant negative forms of Tat, a virally encoded transcription factor. However, these dominant forms have been shown to have poor activity at inhibiting HIV transcription and viral replication.

Effective new methods to target underexploited aspects of the HIV lifecycle, such as transcription of the HIV genome would be desirable.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present application demonstrates that potent dominant negative regulators of transcription can be generated by linking a transcription factor to a protein that localizes to the transcriptional machinery.

In one embodiment, a method of regulating transcription of a gene is provided in which a nucleic acid construct is expressed in a cell in an amount sufficient for modulation of transcription, where the construct contains a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcription factor protein or a fragment thereof linked to a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein or a fragment thereof that localizes to the transcriptional machinery. In various aspects, the transcription factor protein can be viral transcription factors, nuclear proto-oncogene or oncogene proteins, nuclear tumor suppressor proteins, heart specific transcription factors, and immune system transcription factors. In some further aspects, the viral transcription factors can be HIV-Tat, HPV-E2, HPV-E7, BPV-E2, Adenovirus IVa2, HSV-1 ICP4, EBNA-LP, EBNA-2, EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B, EBNA-3C, BZLF-1, CMV-IE-1, CMV-IE2, HHSV-8 K bZIP, HBV Hbx, Poxvirus Vaccinia, VETF, HCV NS5A, T-Ag, Adenovirus E1A, Herpesvirus VP16, HTLV Tax, Hepadnavirus X protein, or Baculovirus AcNPV IE-1. In some further aspects, the nuclear proto-oncogene or oncogene proteins can be Abl, Myc, Myb, Rel, Jun, Fos, Spl, Apl, NF-κB, STAT 3 or 5, β-catenin, Notch, GLI, or PML-RARα. In some further aspects, heart specific transcription factors can be Nkx 2, 3, 4, or 5, TBX5, GATA 4, 5, or 6, or MEF2. In some further aspects, the immune cell specific transcription factor can be Ikaros, PU.1, PAX-5, Oct-2, or BOB.1/OBF.1.

In various embodiments, the transcription factor can be a dominant negative transcription factor, or fragment thereof. In further embodiments, the transcription factor can be either a transcriptional activator or repressor. In yet further embodiments, the transcription factor can be an activation domain (AD) fragment of the transcription factor. In yet further embodiments, the transcription factor can be Tat or an activation domain fragment or other fragment of Tat.

In some embodiments, the protein or a fragment thereof that localizes to the transcriptional machinery is a protein with nuclear localization, a component of the transcriptional machinery, or a protein that functions in co-transcriptional processing of RNA. In some aspects, the protein that functions in co-transcriptional processing of RNA is a capping factor, a splicing factor, a polyadenylation factor, an RNA export factor, or a translation factor. In some aspects, the splicing factor is an RS domain containing protein. In yet other aspects, the splicing factor is SF1, U2AF65, or 9G8, and the polyadenylation factor is CstF1.

In some embodiments, the modulation of transcription is inhibition of transcription by at least 25%, or at least 50%, or at least 75%, or at least 95%. In some aspects, the modulation of transcription is by inhibition of transcriptional initiation, or elongation, or termination. In some embodiments, the modulation of transcription is activation of transcription.

In some embodiments, the cell is a T-cell infected with an immunodeficiency virus that can be HIV, FIV, SIV, or BIV. In yet further embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell, heart cell, or immune system cell. In some aspects, the cancer cell is a carcinoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, leukemia, or solid tumors of the kidney, breast, lung, bladder, colon, ovarian, prostate, pancreas, stomach, brain, head and neck, skin, uterine, testicular, glioma, esophagus, or liver. In some aspects, the immune system cell can be a B-cell, T-cell, macrophage, or dendritic cell.

Also included as embodiments are vectors and cells containing the nucleic acids of the embodiments above, as well as, the proteins encoded by these nucleic acids. In further aspects, a composition comprising the nucleic acid construct or protein of the above embodiments and a physiologically acceptable carrier is provided.

In yet further embodiments, a method of regulating transcription of a gene is provided by expressing a nucleic acid construct in a cell in an amount sufficient for modulation of transcription, in which the construct contains a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcription factor protein or a fragment thereof linked to a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a splicing factor or a fragment thereof.

In still further embodiments, a method of inhibiting replication of an immunodeficiency virus by expressing a nucleic acid construct in a cell in an amount sufficient for modulation of viral transcription, in which the construct contains a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcription factor protein or a fragment thereof linked to a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein or a fragment thereof that localizes to the transcriptional machinery.

In another embodiment, provided is a method of inhibiting replication of an immunodeficiency virus by expressing in a cell a nucleic acid construct in an amount sufficient for modulation of viral transcription, in which the construct contains a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a Tat protein or a fragment thereof linked to a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein or a fragment thereof that localizes to the transcriptional machinery.

In another embodiment, provided is a method of inhibiting replication of an immunodeficiency virus by expressing in a cell a nucleic acid construct in an amount sufficient for modulation of viral transcription, in which the construct contains a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcription factor protein or a fragment thereof linked to a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a splicing factor or a fragment thereof.

In another embodiment, provided is a method of treating a subject infected with an immunodeficiency virus by administering a nucleic acid construct in an amount sufficient for inhibition of viral transcription, in which the construct contains a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcription factor or a fragment thereof linked to a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein or a fragment thereof that localizes to the transcriptional machinery. In some aspects, the treating is with a protein of the embodiments above.

In another embodiment, provided is a method of inhibiting transcription of a HIV genome in a cell by expressing in the cell a nucleic acid construct in an amount sufficient for inhibition of the transcription of the HIV genome, in which the construct contains a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a Tat protein or a fragment thereof linked to a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a U2AF65 protein or a fragment thereof.

In another embodiment, provided is a method of treating a subject with cancer by expressing in the subject a nucleic acid construct in an amount sufficient for modulation of transcription, in which the construct contains a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcription factor protein or a fragment thereof linked to a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein or a fragment thereof that localizes to the transcriptional machinery. In some aspects, the treating is with a protein of the embodiments above.

In another embodiment, provided is a method of treating or preventing a disease in a subject by expressing in the subject a nucleic acid construct in an amount sufficient for modulation of transcription, in which the construct contains a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcription factor protein or a fragment thereof linked to a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein or a fragment thereof that localizes to the transcriptional machinery, where the disease is viral infection, cancer, heart disease, and inflammation.

In another embodiment, provided is a method of validating a target by expressing a nucleic acid construct in a cell in an amount sufficient for modulation of transcription of the gene for the target, in which the construct contains a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcription factor protein or a fragment thereof linked to a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein or a fragment thereof that localizes to the transcriptional machinery, where altered expression of the gene for the target provides target confirmation.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a potent dominant negative Tat inhibitor identified in a reporter assay. a, Left, Schematic of a dual reporter fluorescence assay in which T-BIV_(RBD) (HIV Tat_(AD) with the BIV TatRBD) is used to activate an HIV LTR-DsRed reporter engineered with BIV TAR RNA in place of HIV TAR. The T-SF1 fusion protein is used to activate an HIV LTR-GFP reporter engineered with a BPS RNA site. Right, HeLa cells were co-transfected with both reporters and T-SF1 or T-BIV_(RBD) expressors as indicated and sorted by flow cytometry. Expression of GFP is shown in green and DsRed in red. Numbers in each quadrant represent fold activation, calculated as the number of cells in the quadrant multiplied by their average fluorescence, relative to the same values calculated for the reporters alone. b, Dose response curves of T-SF1 activation on an LTR-HTAR-FFL reporter and T-SF1-mediated inhibition of T-BIV_(RBD) activity on a LTR-BTAR-RL reporter. c, Potent inhibition by T-U2AF65 is independent of the RNA-protein interaction. Left, dose response curves showing inhibition of T-BIV_(RBD)-mediated activation of a BIV TAR reporter by Tat_(AD) and T-U2AF65. Right, dose response curves showing inhibition of T-Rev-mediated activation of a RREIIB reporter by Tat_(AD) and T-U2AF65. The arrows indicate stoichiometric DNA concentrations of inhibitor and activator (5 ng). d, Promoter specificity of T-U2AF65. HeLa cells were transiently transfected with reporter, activator, and several concentrations of T-U2AF65 plasmids at the ratios indicated. For the heat shock response, endogenous HSF1 was activated 24 hr post-transfection cells with 50 μM AsNO2 for 12 hr. p53 activity was measured on SAOS2 cells. Activities of all activators were normalized to a cotransfected CMV-RL reporter control.

FIG. 2 shows contributions of subcellular localization and protein domains to dominant negative activity. a, HeLa cells were transiently co-transfected with an LTR-RREIIB-FFL reporter plasmid, T-Rev activator, and various inhibitors at 1:0.25 (grey bar) or 1:1 (black bar) ratios of activator to inhibitor. Activation levels are plotted relative to T-Rev without inhibitor, and confocal images of each GFP-tagged inhibitor are shown below the plot, including 3× magnification images (of boxed cells above) to highlight the subcellular compartments. T-NLS contains the 8 amino acid NLS of SV40 T-Ag (PPKKKRKV) (SEQ ID NO 1). b, Relative activities of T-U2AF65 RS domain and Tat AD variants, as determined in panel a, with corresponding confocal images. T-U2AF65ΔRS tagged with HA contains a deletion of the first 90 amino acids of U2AF65 and T-RS contains only residues 2-73 of U2AF65. K41A denotes a Tat AD mutation that abolishes interactions with cyclin T1₁₂. Confocal images of each HA-tagged inhibitor are shown below the plot, including 3× magnification images (of boxed cells above) to highlight the subcellular compartments.

FIG. 3 shows recruitment of the dominant negative to the HIV promoter via RNAP II blocks transcription elongation. a, T-U2AF65 interacts with RNAP II and P-TEFb. GFP-tagged T-U2AF65, T(K41A)-U2AF65 and T-NLS proteins were immunoprecipitated from cell extracts and analyzed by Western blot using the indicated antibodies. b, T-U2AF65 colocalizes with RNAP II and SC35₁₅. Following HeLa cell transfection, GFP-tagged T-U2AF65 was visualized by confocal microscopy along with immunostained RNAP II and SC35. c, T-U2AF65 blocks transcription elongation. Cells were transfected with Tat or T-U2AF65 as indicated, and RNase protection was performed with a promoter proximal (Pp) probe directed to the LTR and a promoter distal (Pd) probe directed to the FFL ORF to quantify transcription rates in these regions of the LTR-HTAR-FFL reporter. d, Recruitment of RNAP II and T-U2AF65 to the HIV promoter. Left, activation and inhibition levels of a HeLa LTR-RREIIB-FFL reporter cell line used for ChIP assays, with the ratio of inhibitor to activation indicated. Right, ChIP assays from cells transfected with the HA- or GFP-tagged proteins indicated (panels 2-5) or untransfected cells (panel 1), using antibodies directed against HA, GFP, or RNAP II and monitoring the Pd and Pd regions. Mock lanes used normal rabbit IgG for the IP as a specificity control, and input refers to PCR reactions from isolated chromatin samples prior to the IP. e, Promoter-specific recruitment of T-U2AF65. ChIP assays were carried out in HeLa LTR-RRE-IIB-FFL cells transfected with T-U2AF65 or a T-NLS control using primers for HIV, gapdh, hsp70, p21/CIP, HLA-DRA and cad promoters. Known transcription factors that activate each promoter are indicated in parentheses. The percent of input DNA is shown for each individual ChIP experiment, and the amount of DNA used in the GFP lane is twice that for RNAP II.

FIG. 4 shows expression of the Tat dominant negative blocks HIV replication and generates a latency-like state. Sup T1 cells stably expressing the Tat domains or fusion proteins indicated were infected with either HIV Tat-TAR-dependent (a) or BIV Tat-TAR-dependent (b) viruses (18) at an m.o.i. of 1 and the kinetics of p24 antigen expression were monitored by ELISA. Viruses emerging from the inhibitor-expressing cell lines were harvested at day 30 (arrows) and used to re-infect the same cell lines from which they were derived, and identical replication rates were observed.

FIG. 5. Tat RBD is dispensable for dominant negative activity. a, Dose response curves showing inhibition of BIV Tat-TAR-mediated activation by Tat_(AD), Tat, T-U2AF65 and T-HIV_(RBD)-U2AF65. The arrow indicates the position of stoichiometric DNA concentrations (5 ng) of inhibitor and activator. b, Dose response curves showing inhibition of HIV Tat-TAR-mediated activation by Tat_(AD), T-BIV_(RBD), T-U2AF65 and T-BIV_(RBD)-U2AF65.

FIG. 6 shows relative expression levels of Tat activator and dominant negative. HeLa cells were co-transfected with HA-tagged versions of the T-Rev activator and/or the T-U2AF65 inhibitor along with a GFP-expresor to normalize for transfection efficiency. Nuclear extracts were probed for expression levels with an anti-HA antibody, an anti-GFP antibody, and an anti-C23 nucleolin antibody to provide a protein loading control.

FIG. 7 shows inhibition activities of other T-fusions. HeLa cells were co-transfected with an HIV LTR-RREIIB-FFL reporter plasmid along with the T-Rev activator in the absence or presence of the N-terminal T-fusions at sub-stoichiometric 1:0.25 (black bars) or stoichiometric 1:1 (gray bars) activator: inhibitor ratios. The data shown is normalized to activation by T-Rev alone. Nuclear DAPI staining and indirect immunofluorescence confocal images of the activator and each Tat-fusion protein are shown above, using an anti-Tat antibody and Alexa-488 or Alexa-546 coupled anti-mouse antibodies.

FIG. 8 shows subnuclear localization of U2AF65, T-U2AF65, and variants. HeLa cells were transfected with pEGFP-N3 plasmids expressing GFP fused to: U2AF65, T-U2AF65 (active dominant negative), T(K41A)-U2AF65 (inactive dominant negative), RS (U2AF65 RS domain only), T-RS (active dominant negative), T(K41A)-RS (inactive dominant negative), U2AF65ΔRS, and T-U2AF65ΔRS.

FIG. 9 shows promoter-specificity of the dominant negative. a, Characterization of the SupT1 cell lines by luciferase reporter assays. The indicated SupT1 cell lines were co-transfected with an appropriate activator and reporter pairs as shown. b, Total RNA was extracted from SupT1-Tat_(AD) and SupT1-T-U2AF65 stable cell populations and relative mRNA levels of the nine genes shown were quantitated; β-actin (actin), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma (EEF1G), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A 1 (hnRNPA1), TATA box binding protein (TBP), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1), HLA-DQA 1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, (MHCII), Interleukin 8 (IL-8), and androgen receptor (AR). Like HIV, the IL-8, androgen receptor, and HLA-DQA1 promoters require PTEF-b.

FIG. 10 shows re-infection of dominant negative-expressing cells with slowly-replicating viruses shows the same growth kinetics as the initial infection. SupT1 cells expressing Tat_(AD) and T-U2AF65 were re-infected with viral stocks harvested from day 30 of the first set of infections (see arrows in FIGS. 4 a and 4 b). a, Re-infection using the HIV Tat-TAR-dependent virus. b, Re-infection using the BIV Tat-TAR-dependent virus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Introduction

The gene product of a dominant negative mutation interferes with the function of a normal, wild-type gene product within the same cell. This usually occurs if the gene product of the dominant negative mutation can still interact with the same elements as the wild-type product, but blocks some aspect of the wild-type protein's function. As an example, in the case of multi-subunit protein complexes, an inactive dominant negative protein can bind to wild-type components of the complex rendering the resulting complex less active or inactive. Genetic engineering has allowed the construction of dominant negative forms of many different types of proteins. In the case of transcription factors, one approach has been to generate transcription factors that lack a gene activation domain but which retain a DNA binding domain. When expressed in cells, such dominant negative proteins are able to bind to their cognate DNA recognition sites thus preventing the binding of a wild type transcription factor and leading to reduced expression of a target gene. However, typically, for dominant negative inhibition to occur, a great excess of dominant negative protein must be expressed in order to effectively out compete the wild-type protein.

A dominant negative approach has previously been used in an attempt to inhibit transcription of the HIV genome and thus viral replication. When a truncated form of Tat, lacking the basic domain, was tested in transient co-transfection experiments, it was found that an 8-30 fold molar excess of the dominant negative Tat over wild-type Tat was required to inhibit the expression of a reporter gene under the control of the HIV-LTR.

The inventors have devised a new method of generating potent dominant negative transcriptional inhibitors for pharmaceutical treatment of diseases, gene therapy, target validation, disease diagnosis, and mechanistic studies of transcription, among other applications. As discussed above, previously described dominant negative transcription factors typically act by competing with other interacting factors or by creating defective oligomers, thus requiring a large excess of inhibitor while providing only a modest amount of inhibition. The inventors have discovered that linking a protein which localizes to the transcriptional machinery to a transcription factor can effectively target and generate high local concentrations of a dominant negative protein, thereby efficiently out-competing wild-type protein when expressed at stoichiometric amounts. In particular, the inventors have made the unexpected finding that fusion of the Tat protein or a fragment thereof, such as the Tat activation domain (Tat AD), to a protein that localizes to the transcriptional machinery, results in a potent inhibitor of transcription of the HIV genome. In particular, when Tat or Tat AD is fused to the splicing factors, SF1 or U2AF65, a potent dominant negative effect is observed. While one embodiment of this invention as described below in the Examples relates to the inhibition of HIV transcription and viral replication, it will be clear to the skilled artisan that the methods of the present invention can be used to generate dominant negative forms of other transcription factors and other classes of proteins.

Dominant Negative Tat

Immediately after HIV infects a cell, the viral RNA is copied into DNA, and the proviral genome is transported to the nucleus where it is integrated into the host genome. Once integrated into the host chromosome, the HIV proviral genome is subject to regulation by a variety of cellular transcription factors, as well as, by virally encoded factors. Among these virally encoded factors, the trans-activator protein (Tat) provides the primary control of HIV transcription.

Transcription of the HIV genome begins at the viral LTR when the host cell RNA polymerase complex binds to the HIV promoter. The HIV LTR, however, is a poor promoter in the absence of Tat. In the absence of Tat, only non-processive (basal) transcription of the HIV genome is observed. However, upon recruitment of Tat to the transcriptional complex at the promoter, transcription of the HIV genome is greatly stimulated. Recruitment of Tat to the HIV promoter is mediated at least in part by the binding of Tat to a short RNA sequence that forms a stem-loop, termed the transactivation-responsive region (TAR), which lies just downstream of the initiation site for transcription. Transcription of TAR by the basal transcriptional machinery to form the TAR RNA stem loop allows Tat to join the complex and stimulate transcription. Upon binding of Tat, it is believed that other cellular factors are recruited to the transcriptional complex that convert the complex into a form that is competent for processive transcript elongation.

In one embodiment of this invention, the inventors have made a fusion of the Tat protein or a fragment thereof, such as the Tat activation domain (Tat AD), to proteins that localize to the transcriptional machinery. When Tat or Tat AD is fused to splicing factors, such as, SF1 or U2AF65, a potent dominant negative effect is observed. Without limiting themselves to any particular mechanism of action, and as explained below in greater detail, the inventors have found that the fused splicing factor proteins act as tethering domains, directing the Tat fusion protein to RNA polymerase at the HIV-1 promoter thus blocking the activity of incoming wild-type Tat proteins. This results in a high local concentration of the inhibiting fusion protein at the site of action.

DEFINITIONS

As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed to them unless specified otherwise.

A “dominant negative” gene product or protein is one that interferes with the function of another gene product or protein. The other gene product affected can be the same or different from the dominant negative protein. Dominant negative gene products can be of many forms, including truncations, full length proteins with point mutations or fragments thereof, or fusions of full length wild type or mutant proteins or fragments thereof with other proteins. The level of inhibition observed can be very low. For example, it may require a large excess of the dominant negative protein compared to the functional protein or proteins involved in a process in order to see an effect. It may be difficult to see effects under normal biological assay conditions.

A “transcription factor” is a protein that regulates transcription. Transcription factors may bind directly to DNA or RNA or may interact with the transcriptional machinery via protein-protein interactions with no direct nucleic acid contact to modulate transcription. Transcription factors in general are reviewed in Barnes and Adcock, Clin. Exp. Allergy 25 Suppl. 2: 46-9 (1995), Roeder, Methods Enzymol. 273: 165-71 (1996), and Brivanlou and Darnell, Science 1 Feb. 2002: 813-818 (2002), among other sources.

A “promoter” is defined as an array of nucleic acid control sequences that direct transcription. As used herein, a promoter typically includes necessary nucleic acid sequences near the start site of transcription, such as, in the case of certain RNA polymerase II type promoters, a TATA element, enhancer, CCAAT box, SP-1 site, etc. As used herein, a promoter also optionally includes distal enhancer or repressor elements, which can be located as much as several thousand base pairs from the start site of transcription. The promoters often have an element that is responsive to transactivation by a DNA-binding moiety such as a polypeptide, e.g., a nuclear receptor, Gal4, the lac repressor and the like.

A “target site” is the nucleic acid sequence recognized by a transcription factor protein. A single target site typically has about four to about ten or more base pairs. The target site is in any position that allows regulation of gene expression, e.g., adjacent to, up- or downstream of the transcription initiation site; proximal to an enhancer or other transcriptional regulation element such as a repressor (e.g., SP-1 binding sites, hypoxia response elements, nuclear receptor recognition elements, p53 binding sites, etc.), RNA polymerase pause sites; and intron/exon boundaries.

“Linking” or “fusing” as used in this application refers to entities that are directly linked, or linked via an amino acid linker, the size and composition of which can vary, or linked via a chemical linker.

The term “transcriptional machinery” generally refers to the complex of cellular components responsible for making RNA from a DNA template and related co-transcriptional RNA processing. The complex responsible for transcription in a cell is referred to as RNA polymerase. During transcription, a variety of factors join the RNA polymerase complex to effect various aspects of transcription and co-transcriptional RNA processing as described below. In eukaryotic cells, three forms of RNA polymerase exist, termed RNA polymerases I, II, and III. RNA polymerase I synthesizes a pre-rRNA 45S, which matures into 28 S, 18S and 5, 8 S rRNAs which form the major RNA portions of the ribosome. RNA polymerase II synthesizes precursors of mRNAs and most snRNA. Because of the large variety of cellular genes are transcribed by thus polymerase, RNAP II is subject to the highest level of control, requiring a wide range of transcription factors depending on the promoter. RNA polymerase III is responsible for the synthesis of tRNAs, rRNA 5S and other small RNAs found in the nucleus and cytosol. Additionally, other RNA polymerase types are found in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

A 550 kDa complex of 12 subunits, RNAP II is the most intensively studied type of RNA polymerase. A wide range of transcription factors are required for it to bind to its promoters and to begin transcription. In the process of transcription, there are three main stages: (1) initiation, which requires construction of the RNA polymerase complex on the gene's promoter; (2) elongation, during which the RNA transcript is made from the DNA template; (3) and termination, the step at which the formation of the RNA transcript is completed and disassembly of the RNA polymerase complex occurs.

The components of the transcriptional machinery that may be targeted by this invention comprise any factor that is brought into the RNA polymerase complex and can be exemplified by the order in which the TAFs (TBP Associated Factors) attach to form a polymerase complex on a promoter. TBP (TATA Binding Protein) and an attached complex of TAFs, collectively known as TFIID (Transcription Factor for polymerase II D), bind at the TATA box, although not all promoters have the TATA box. TFIIA (three subunits) binds TFIID and DNA, stabilizing the first interactions. TFIIB binds between TFIID and the location of Pol II binding in the near future. TFIIB binds partially sequence specifically, with some preference for BRE. TFIIF and Pol II (two subunits, RAP30 and RAP74, showing some similarity to bacterial sigma factors) enter the complex together. TFIIF helps to speed up the polymerization process. TFIIE enters the complex, and helps to open and close the PolII's ‘Jaw’ like structure, which enables movement down the DNA strand. TFIIE and TFIIH enter concomitantly. Finally TFIIH binds. TFIIH is a large protein complex that contains among others the CDK7/cyclin H kinase complex and a DNA helicase. TFIIH has three functions: it binds specifically to the template strand to ensure that the correct strand of DNA is transcribed and melts or unwinds the DNA (ATP dependently) to separate the two strands using its Helicase activity. It has a kinase activity that phosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II at the amino acid serine. This switches the RNA polymerase to start producing RNA, which marks the end of initiation and the start of elongation. Finally it is essential for Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) of damaged DNA. TFIIH and TFIIE strongly interact with one another. TFIIE affects TFIIH's catalytic activity. Without TFIIE, TFIIH will not unwind the promoter. Mediator then encases all the transcription factors and the Pol II. Mediator interacts with enhancers, areas very far away (upstream or downstream) that help regulate transcription.

A “protein that localizes to the transcriptional machinery” is one that is capable of associating or interacting with the transcriptional machinery as described above or a component thereof. The association or interaction may be non-covalent or covalent and may be reversible or non-reversible. Examples of proteins that localize to the transcriptional machinery include nuclear localized proteins, RNA processing proteins, components of the transcriptional machinery, and proteins involved in co-transcriptional processes. Among the co-transcriptional processes that are subjects of the invention are capping, splicing, polyadenylation, RNA export, translation.

An RS domain containing protein (also referred to in the literature as an SR protein) is a protein with a domain that contains multiple arginine and serine di-peptides (single-letter code RS) and/or serine and arginine di-peptides (single-letter code SR). RS domains are found in a number of cellular proteins, particularly those involved with pre-mRNA splicing and RNA processing events.

A “transcriptional activator” and a “transcriptional repressor” refer to proteins or effector domains of proteins that have the ability to modulate transcription, by binding directly to DNA or RNA or by interacting with the transcriptional machinery via protein-protein interactions with no direct nucleic acid contact. Such proteins include, e.g., transcription factors and co-factors (e.g., KRAB, MAD, ERD, SID, nuclear factor kappa B subunit p65, early growth response factor 1, and nuclear hormone receptors, VP16, VP64), endonucleases, integrases, recombinases, methyltransferases, histone acetyltransferases, histone deacetylases etc. Activators and repressors include co-activators and co-repressors (see, e.g., Utley et al., Nature 394:498-502 (1998)).

The terms “modulating transcription” “inhibiting transcription” and “activating transcription” of a gene refer to the ability of a dominant negative to activate or inhibit transcription of a gene. Activation includes prevention of transcriptional inhibition (i.e., prevention of repression of gene expression) and inhibition includes prevention of transcriptional activation (i.e., prevention of gene activation).

Modulation can be assayed by determining any parameter that is indirectly or directly affected by the expression of the target gene. Such parameters include, e.g., changes in RNA or protein levels, changes in protein activity, changes in product levels, changes in downstream gene expression, changes in reporter gene transcription (luciferase, CAT, 3-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, GFP (see, e.g., Mistili & Spector, Nature Biotechnology 15:961-964 (1997)); changes in signal transduction, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, receptor-ligand interactions, second messenger concentrations (e.g., cGMP, cAMP, IP3, and Ca²⁺), cell growth, and neovascularization. These assays can be in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. Such functional effects can be measured by any means known to those skilled in the art, e.g., measurement of RNA or protein levels, measurement of RNA stability, identification of downstream or reporter gene expression, e.g., via chemiluminescence, fluorescence, colorimetric reactions, antibody binding, inducible markers, ligand binding assays; changes in intracellular second messengers such as cGMP and inositol triphosphate (IP3); changes in intracellular calcium levels; cytokine release, and the like.

To determine the level of gene expression modulation by a dominant negative construct, cells contacted with nucleic acids encoding dominant negative or dominant negative proteins are compared to control cells which have not received this treatment. Control samples are assigned a relative gene expression activity value of 100%. Modulation/inhibition of gene expression is achieved when the gene expression activity value relative to the control is about 80%, preferably 50% (i.e., 0.5× the activity of the control), more preferably 25%, more preferably 5-0%. Modulation/activation of gene expression is achieved when the gene expression activity value relative to the control is 110%, more preferably 150% (i.e., 1.5× the activity of the control), more preferably 200-500%, more preferably 1000-2000% or more.

The term “heterologous” is a relative term, which when used with reference to portions of a nucleic acid indicates that the nucleic acid comprises two or more subsequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature. For instance, a nucleic acid that is recombinantly produced typically has two or more sequences from unrelated genes synthetically arranged to make a new functional nucleic acid, e.g., a promoter from one source and a coding region from another source. The two nucleic acids are thus heterologous to each other in this context. When added to a cell, the recombinant nucleic acids would also be heterologous to the endogenous genes of the cell. Thus, in a chromosome, a heterologous nucleic acid would include an non-native (non-naturally occurring) nucleic acid that has integrated into the chromosome, or a non-native (non-naturally occurring) extrachromosomal nucleic acid. In contrast, a naturally translocated piece of chromosome would not be considered heterologous in the context of this patent application, as it comprises an endogenous nucleic acid sequence that is native to the mutated cell.

Similarly, a heterologous protein indicates that the protein comprises two or more subsequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature (e.g., a “fusion protein,” where the two subsequences are encoded by a single nucleic acid sequence). See, e.g., Ausubel, supra, for an introduction to recombinant techniques.

The term “recombinant” when used with reference, e.g., to a cell, or nucleic acid, protein, or vector, indicates that the cell, nucleic acid, protein or vector, has been modified by the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid or protein or the alteration of a native nucleic acid or protein, or that the cell is derived from a cell so modified. Thus, for example, recombinant cells express genes that are not found within the native (naturally occurring) form of the cell or express a second copy of a native gene that is otherwise normally or abnormally expressed, under expressed or not expressed at all.

An “expression vector” is a nucleic acid construct, generated recombinantly or synthetically, with a series of specified nucleic acid elements that permit transcription of a particular nucleic acid in a host cell, and optionally integration or replication of the expression vector in a host cell. The expression vector can be part of a plasmid, virus, or nucleic acid fragment, of viral or non-viral origin. Typically, the expression vector includes an “expression cassette,” which comprises a nucleic acid to be transcribed operably linked to a promoter. The term expression vector also encompasses naked DNA operably linked to a promoter.

By “host cell” is meant a cell that contains an expression vector or nucleic acid encoding a dominant negative protein of the invention. The host cell typically supports the replication or expression of the expression vector. Host cells may be prokaryotic cells such as E. coli, or eukaryotic cells such as yeast, fungal, protozoal, higher plant, insect, or amphibian cells, or mammalian cells such as CHO, HeLa, 293, COS-1, and the like, e.g., cultured cells (in vitro), explants and primary cultures (in vitro and ex vivo), and cells in vivo.

“Nucleic acid” refers to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in either single- or double-stranded form. The term encompasses nucleic acids containing known nucleotide analogs or modified backbone residues or linkages, which are synthetic, naturally occurring, and non-naturally occurring, which have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid, and which are metabolized in a manner similar to the reference nucleotides. Examples of such analogs include, without limitation, phosphorothioates, phosphoramidates, methyl phosphonates, chiral-methyl phosphonates, 2-O-methyl ribonucleotides, peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs).

Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g., degenerate codon substitutions) and complementary sequences, as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and/or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 19:5081 (1991); Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260:2605-2608 (1985); Rossolini et al., Mol. Cell. Probes 8:91-98 (1994)). The term nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, mRNA, oligonucleotide, and polynucleotide.

The terms “polypeptide,” “peptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. The terms also apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residues is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymer.

The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. Amino acid analogs refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., an α carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. Amino acid mimetics refers to chemical compounds that have a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid.

Amino acids may be referred to herein by either their commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes.

“Conservatively modified variants” applies to both amino acid and nucleic acid sequences. With respect to particular nucleic acid sequences, conservatively modified variants refers to those nucleic acids which encode identical or essentially identical amino acid sequences, or where the nucleic acid does not encode an amino acid sequence, to essentially identical sequences. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a large number of functionally identical nucleic acids encode any given protein. For instance, the codons GCA, GCC, GCG and GCU all encode the amino acid alanine. Thus, at every position where an alanine is specified by a codon, the codon can be altered to any of the corresponding codons described without altering the encoded polypeptide. Such nucleic acid variations are “silent variations,” which are one species of conservatively modified variations. Every nucleic acid sequence herein which encodes a polypeptide also describes every possible silent variation of the nucleic acid. One of skill will recognize that each codon in a nucleic acid (except AUG, which is ordinarily the only codon for methionine, and TGG, which is ordinarily the only codon for tryptophan) can be modified to yield a functionally identical molecule. Accordingly, each silent variation of a nucleic acid which encodes a polypeptide is implicit in each described sequence.

As to amino acid sequences, one of skill will recognize that individual substitutions, deletions or additions to a nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence which alters, adds or deletes a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids in the encoded sequence is a “conservatively modified variant” where the alteration results in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. Such conservatively modified variants are in addition to and do not exclude polymorphic variants, interspecies homologs, and alleles of the invention.

The following eight groups each contain amino acids that are conservative substitutions for one another:

1) Alanine (A), Glycine (G);

2) Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E);

3) Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q);

4) Arginine (R), Lysine (K);

5) Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Methionine (M), Valine (V);

6) Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W);

7) Serine (S), Threonine (T); and

8) Cysteine (C), Methionine (M)

(see, e.g., Creighton, Proteins (1984)).

The term “substantially identical” indicates that two or more nucleotide sequences share a majority of their sequence. Generally, this will be at least about 90% of their sequence and preferably about 95% of their sequence. Another indication that sequences are substantially identical is if they hybridize to the same nucleotide sequence under stringent conditions (see, e.g., Sambrook and Russell, eds, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd Ed, vols. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001; and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1997). Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. (or less) lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. The T_(m) of a DNA duplex is defined as the temperature at which 50% of the nucleotides are paired and corresponds to the midpoint of the spectroscopic hyperchromic absorbance shift during DNA melting. The T_(m) indicates the transition from double helical to random coil.

Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is about 0.2×SSC at pH 7 and the temperature is at least about 60° C. For example, a nucleic acid of the invention or fragment thereof can be identified in standard filter hybridizations using the nucleic acids disclosed here under stringent conditions, which for purposes of this disclosure, include at least one wash (usually 2) in 0.2×SSC at a temperature of at least about 60° C., usually about 65° C., sometimes 70° C. for 20 minutes, or equivalent conditions. For PCR, an annealing temperature of about 5° C. below Tm, is typical for low stringency amplification, although annealing temperatures may vary between about 32° C. and 72° C., e.g., 40° C., 42° C., 45° C., 52° C., 55° C., 57° C., or 62° C., depending on primer length and nucleotide composition or high stringency PCR amplification, a temperature at, or slightly (up to 5° C.) above, primer Tm is typical, although high stringency annealing temperatures can range from about 50° C. to about 72° C., and are often 72° C., depending on the primer and buffer conditions (Ahsen et al., Clin Chem. 47:1956-61, 2001). Typical cycle conditions for both high and low stringency amplifications include a denaturation phase of 90° C.-95° C. for 30 sec-2 min., an annealing phase lasting 30 sec.-10 min., and an extension phase of about 72° C. for 1-15 min.

The terms “identical” or percent “identity,” in the context of two or more nucleic acids, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides that are the same (i.e., at least 70% identity, preferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, over a specified region, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, or designated region as measured using a BLAST or BLAST 2.0 sequence comparison algorithms with default parameters described below, or by manual alignment and visual inspection. Such sequences are then said to be “substantially identical.” This definition also refers to the complement of a test sequence. Preferably, the identity exists over a region that is at least about 15, 20 or 25 nucleotides in length, or more preferably over a region that is 50-100 nucleotides in length.

For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are entered into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. Default program parameters can be used, or alternative parameters can be designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identities for the test sequences relative to the reference sequence, based on the program parameters.

A “comparison window”, as used herein, includes reference to a segment of any one of the number of contiguous positions selected from the group consisting of from 15 to 600, usually about 20 to about 200, more usually about 50 to about 150 in which a sequence may be compared to a reference sequence of the same number of contiguous positions after the two sequences are optimally aligned. Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman & Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by manual alignment and visual inspection (see, e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel et al., eds. 1995 supplement)).

A preferred example of algorithm that is suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity are the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms, which are described in Altschul et al., Nuc. Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1977) and Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990), respectively. BLAST and BLAST 2.0 are used, with the default parameters described herein, to determine percent sequence identity for the nucleic acids described herein. Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., supra). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always <0). Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a word length (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=−4 and a comparison of both strands.

The BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin & Altschul, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5787 (1993)). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide sequences would occur by chance. For example, a nucleic acid is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid to the reference nucleic acid is less than about 0.2, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.

“Administering” an expression vector, nucleic acid, protein, or a delivery vehicle to a cell comprises transducing, transfecting, electroporating, translocating, fusing, phagocytosing, shooting or ballistic methods, etc., i.e., any means by which a protein or nucleic acid can be transported across a cell membrane and preferably into the nucleus of a cell.

A “delivery vehicle” refers to a compound, e.g., a liposome, toxin, or a membrane translocation polypeptide, which is used to administer dominant negative proteins. Delivery vehicles can also be used to administer nucleic acids encoding dominant negative proteins of the invention, e.g., a lipid:nucleic acid complex, an expression vector, a virus, and the like.

Design of Dominant Negative Proteins

The dominant negative proteins of the invention comprise any of a number of possible fusions of a transcription factor or other protein, or fragment thereof, with a protein that is capable of localization to the transcriptional machinery, such as nuclear localized proteins, RNA processing proteins, components of the transcriptional machinery, and proteins involved in co-transcriptional processes. Among the co-transcriptional processes that are subjects of the invention are capping, splicing, polyadenylation, RNA export, translation. The transcription factor can be derived from any of a number of species including, and not limited to, viruses, HIV, bacteria, yeast, Drosophila, C. elegans, Xenopus, mouse, monkey, and human. For human applications, a human TF is generally preferred. One of skill in the art will recognize that a wide variety of transcription factor proteins known in the art may be used in this invention. See Goodrich et al., Cell 84:825-30 (1996), Barnes & Adcock, Clin. Exp. Allergy 25 Suppl. 2:46-9 (1995), and Roeder, Methods Enzymol. 273:165-71 (1996) for general reviews of transcription factors. Databases dedicated to transcription factors are known (see, e.g., Science 269:630 (1995)). Nuclear hormone receptor transcription factors are described in, for example, Rosen et al., J. Med. Chem. 38:4855-74 (1995). The C/EBP family of transcription factors are reviewed in Wedel et al., Immunobiology 193:171-85 (1995). Coactivators and co-repressors that mediate transcription regulation by nuclear hormone receptors are reviewed in, for example, Meier, Eur. J. Endocrinol. 134(2):158-9 (1996); Kaiser et al., Trends Biochem. Sci. 21:342-5 (1996); and Utley et al., Nature 394:498-502 (1998)). GATA transcription factors, which are involved in regulation of hematopoiesis, are described in, for example, Simon, Nat. Genet. 11:9-11 (1995); Weiss et al., Exp. Hematol. 23:99-107. TATA box binding protein (TBP) and its associated TAF polypeptides (which include TAF30, TAF55, TAF80, TAF 110, TAF 150, and TAF250) are described in Goodrich & Tjian, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6:403-9 (1994) and Hurley, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 6:69-75 (1996). The STAT family of transcription factors are reviewed in, for example, Barahmand-Pour et al., Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 211:121-8 (1996). Transcription factors involved in disease are reviewed in Aso et al., J. Clin. Invest. 97:1561-9 (1996).

As further examples, the transcription factor may be chosen from any of a number of different classes of known transcription factors such as those that contain homeodomains, POU domains, Helix-Loop-Helix (HLH), Zinc Fingers, Leucine Zippers, or Winged Helix, to name but a few of the structural motifs found in transcription factors. Currently, there are about 2000 known transcription factors. See, e.g., Brivanlou and Darnell, Science, 295: 813-818 (2002). Among some of the better known transcription factors include: c-Myc and Max, c-Fos and c-Jun, CREB, c-ErbA, c-Ets, GATA c-Myb, MyoD KF-kB, RAR, and SRF, to name a few.

Among the classes of transcription factors that find use in this invention are viral transcription factors, nuclear proto-oncogene or oncogene proteins, nuclear tumor suppressor proteins, heart specific transcription factors, and immune cell transcription factors. The viral transcription factors useful in the practice of this invention include: HIV-Tat, HPV-E2, HPV-E7, BPV-E2, Adenovirus IVa2, HSV-1 ICP4, EBNA-LP, EBNA-2, EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B, EBNA-3C, BZLF-1, CMV-IE-1, CMV-IE2, HHSV-8 K bZIP, HBV Hbx, Poxvirus Vaccinia, VETF, HCV NS5A, T-Ag, Adenovirus EIA, Herpesvirus VP16, HTLV Tax, Hepadnavirus X protein, and Baculovirus AcNPV IE-1, among others. The nuclear proto-oncogene or oncogene proteins and nuclear tumor suppressor proteins transcription factors useful in the practice of this invention include: Abl, Myc, Myb, Rel, Jun, Fos, Sp I, Apl, NF-κB, STAT 3 or 5, β-catenin, Notch, GLI, PML-RARα and p53, among others. The heart specific transcription factors useful in the practice of this invention include: Nkx 2, 3, 4, or 5, TBX5, GATA 4, 5, or 6, and MEF2, among others. The immune cell specific transcription factors useful in the practice of this invention include: Ikaros, PU.1, PAX-5, Oct-2, and BOB.1/OBF.1, among others. A non limiting list of transcription factors that may be used in the practice of this invention is provided in Table 3. The transcription factors useful in the practice of this invention can be human as well as derived from yeast or higher eukaryotes such as viruses, HIV, Drosophila, C. elegans, Xenopus, or mouse, among other species.

In the practice of this invention, the transcription factor can be either a transcriptional activator or repressor, examples of which are well known in the art. Non-limiting examples of transcriptional activators and repressors are provided in Table 3.

Proteins that localize to the transcriptional machinery include: components of the transcriptional machinery, nuclear localized proteins, RNA processing proteins, components of the transcriptional machinery, and proteins involved in co-transcriptional processes and RNA processing.

Among the components of the transcriptional machinery that may be used in the practice of this invention are TAFs, CDK7, cyclin H, DNA helicase, unwinding enzymes, transcription factors, among others.

A wide range of proteins have been shown to localize to the nucleus and may be used in the practice of this invention. A non-limiting list of such proteins is provided in Table 1.

Among the co-transcriptional processes and RNA processing activities that are subjects of the invention are capping, splicing, polyadenylation, RNA export, and translation. Accordingly, proteins involved in capping, splicing, polyadenylation, RNA export, and translation may be used in the practice of this invention. Splicing factors represent one particular class of proteins involved in co-transcriptional processing of RNA and are suitable for the practice of this invention. As many as 300 factors are known to comprise the spliceosome. The protein components of spliceosomes are disclosed in Rappsilber, J., Ryder, U., Lamond, A. I., and Mann, M. (2002) Genome Res 12(8), 1231-1245 and Zhou, Z., Licklider, L. J., Gygi, S. P., and Reed, R. (2002) Nature 419(6903), 182-185, among other sources. Many splicing factors useful for the practice of this invention are compiled in Table 2. Particular examples of splicing factors useful in the practice of this invention include SF1, U2AF65, and 9G8.

The RS domain is a structural and functional feature characteristic of many nuclear proteins, particularly splicing factors. A large number of RS domain proteins are known in the art, and many have been identified through a genome-wide survey of RS domain proteins from various species. See Boucher et al., RNA 7:1693-1701 (2001). Among the classes of known RS domain containing proteins that may be used in the practice of the invention are those listed in the table below.

In one embodiment of the invention, HIV Tat protein, or a fragment thereof, can used as the transcription factor in a dominant negative fusion protein as described herein. The human Tat protein is an 86 amino acid protein that is required efficient viral gene expression. The Tat sequence has been subdivided into several distinct regions based on structure and function: a N-terminal activation region (amino acids 1-19), a cysteine-rich domain (amino acids 20-31), a core region (amino acids 32-47), a basic region (amino acids 48-57), and a glutamine-rich region (amino acids 60-76). See Karn, J. (ref). In one particular embodiment, a full length Tat is linked to the splicing factors SF1 or U2AF65. In another embodiment, the Tat activation domain (Tat AD) is linked to the splicing factors SF1 or U2AF65.

Generation of Nucleic Acids Encoding Dominant Negative Proteins.

Dominant negative polypeptides and nucleic acids of the invention can be made using routine techniques in the field of recombinant genetics. Basic texts disclosing the general methods of use in this invention include Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed. 1989); Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression: A Laboratory Manual (1990); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel et al., eds., 1994)). In addition, essentially any nucleic acid can be custom ordered from any of a variety of commercial sources. Similarly, peptides and antibodies can be custom ordered from any of a variety of commercial sources.

Expression Vectors for Nucleic Acids Encoding Dominant Negative Proteins

A nucleic acid encoding a dominant negative protein is typically cloned into intermediate vectors for transformation into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells for replication and/or expression. Intermediate vectors are typically prokaryote vectors, e.g., plasmids, or shuttle vectors, or insect vectors, for storage or manipulation of the nucleic acid encoding dominant negative proteins or production of protein. The nucleic acid encoding a dominant negative protein is also typically cloned into an expression vector, for administration to a plant cell, animal cell, preferably a mammalian cell or a human cell, fungal cell, bacterial cell, or protozoal cell.

To obtain expression of a cloned gene or nucleic acid, a nucleic acid encoding a dominant negative protein is typically subcloned into an expression vector that contains a promoter to direct transcription. Suitable bacterial and eukaryotic promoters are well known in the art and described, e.g., in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed. 1989); Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression: A Laboratory Manual (1990); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel et al., eds., 1994). Bacterial expression systems for expressing a dominant negative protein are available in, e.g., E. coli, Bacillus sp., and Salmonella (Palva et al., Gene 22:229-235 (1983)). Kits for such expression systems are commercially available. Eukaryotic expression systems for mammalian cells, yeast, and insect cells are well known in the art and are also commercially available.

The promoter used to direct expression of a nucleic acid encoding a dominant negative protein depends on the particular application. For example, a strong constitutive promoter is typically used for expression and purification of a dominant negative protein. In contrast, when a dominant negative protein is administered in vivo for gene regulation, either a constitutive or an inducible promoter is used, depending on the particular use of the dominant negative protein. In addition, a preferred promoter for administration of a dominant negative protein can be a weak promoter, such as HSV TK or a promoter having similar activity. The promoter typically can also include elements that are responsive to transactivation, e.g., hypoxia response elements, Gal4 response elements, lac repressor response element, and small molecule control systems such as tet-regulated systems and the RU-486 system (see, e.g., Gossen & Bujard, PNAS 89:5547 (1992); Oligino et al., Gene Ther. 5:491-496 (1998); Wang et al., Gene Ther. 4:432-441 (1997); Neering et al., Blood 88:1147-1155 (1996); and Rendahl et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 16:757-761 (1998)).

In addition to the promoter, the expression vector typically contains a transcription unit or expression cassette that contains all the additional elements required for the expression of the nucleic acid in host cells, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. A typical expression cassette thus contains a promoter operably linked, e.g., to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the dominant negative protein, and signals required, e.g., for efficient polyadenylation of the transcript, transcriptional termination, ribosome binding sites, or translation termination. Additional elements of the cassette may include, e.g., enhancers, and heterologous spliced intronic signals.

The particular expression vector used to transport the genetic information into the cell is selected with regard to the intended use of the dominant negative protein, e.g., expression in plants, animals, bacteria, fungus, protozoa etc. (see expression vectors described below). Standard bacterial expression vectors include plasmids such as pBR322 based plasmids, pSKF, pET23D, and commercially available fusion expression systems such as GST and LacZ. A preferred fusion protein is the maltose binding protein, “MBP.” Such fusion proteins are used for purification of the dominant negative protein. Epitope tags can also be added to recombinant proteins to provide convenient methods of isolation, for monitoring expression, and for monitoring cellular and subcellular localization, e.g., c-myc or FLAG.

Expression vectors containing regulatory elements from eukaryotic viruses are often used in eukaryotic expression vectors, e.g., SV40 vectors, papilloma virus vectors, and vectors derived from Epstein-Barr virus. Other exemplary eukaryotic vectors include pMSG, pAV009/A+, pMTO10/A+, pMAMneo-5, baculovirus pDSVE, and any other vector allowing expression of proteins under the direction of the SV40 early promoter, SV40 late promoter, metallothionein promoter, murine mammary tumor virus promoter, Rous sarcoma virus promoter, polyhedrin promoter, or other promoters shown effective for expression in eukaryotic cells.

Some expression systems have markers for selection of stably transfected cell lines such as thymidine kinase, hygromycin B phosphotransferase, and dihydrofolate reductase. High yield expression systems are also suitable, such as using a baculovirus vector in insect cells, with a dominant negative protein encoding sequence under the direction of the polyhedrin promoter or other strong baculovirus promoters.

The elements that are typically included in expression vectors also include a replicon that functions in E. coli, a gene encoding antibiotic resistance to permit selection of bacteria that harbor recombinant plasmids, and unique restriction sites in nonessential regions of the plasmid to allow insertion of recombinant sequences.

Standard transfection methods are used to produce bacterial, mammalian, yeast or insect cell lines that express large quantities of protein, which are then purified using standard techniques (see, e.g., Colley et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264:17619-17622 (1989); Guide to Protein Purification, in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182 (Deutscher, ed., 1990)). Transformation of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are performed according to standard techniques (see, e.g., Morrison, J. Bact. 132:349-351 (1977); Clark-Curtiss & Curtiss, Methods in Enzymology 101:347-362 (Wu et al., eds, 1983).

Any of the well known procedures for introducing foreign nucleotide sequences into host cells may be used. These include the use of calcium phosphate transfection, polybrene, protoplast fusion, electroporation, liposomes, microinjection, naked DNA, plasmid vectors, viral vectors, both episomal and integrative, and any of the other well known methods for introducing cloned genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic DNA or other foreign genetic material into a host cell (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra). It is only necessary that the particular genetic engineering procedure used be capable of successfully introducing at least one gene into the host cell capable of expressing the protein of choice.

Assays for Determining Regulation of Gene Expression by Dominant Negative Proteins

A variety of assays can be used to determine the level of gene expression regulation by dominant negative proteins. The activity of a particular dominant negative protein can be assessed using a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays, by measuring, e.g., protein or mRNA levels, product levels, enzyme activity, tumor growth; transcriptional activation or repression of a reporter gene such as a fluorescent protein (e.g., GFP); second messenger levels (e.g., cGMP, cAMP, IP3, DAG, Ca²⁺); cytokine and hormone production levels; and neovascularization, using, e.g., immunoassays (e.g., ELISA and immunohistochemical assays with antibodies), hybridization assays (e.g., RNase protection, northerns, in situ hybridization, oligonucleotide array studies), colorimetric assays, amplification assays, enzyme activity assays, tumor growth assays, phenotypic assays, and the like.

Dominant negative proteins are typically first tested for activity in vitro using cultured cells, e.g., 293 cells, CHO cells, VERO cells, BHK cells, HeLa cells, COS cells, and the like. Preferably, human cells are used. The dominant negative protein is often first tested using a transient expression system with a reporter gene, and then regulation of the target endogenous gene is tested in cells and in animals, both in vivo and ex vivo. The dominant negative protein can be recombinantly expressed in a cell, recombinantly expressed in cells transplanted into an animal, or recombinantly expressed in a transgenic animal, as well as administered as a protein to an animal or cell using delivery vehicles described below. The cells can be immobilized, be in solution, be injected into an animal, or be naturally occurring in a transgenic or non-transgenic animal.

Modulation of gene expression is tested using one of the in vitro or in vivo assays described herein. Samples or assays are treated with a dominant negative protein and compared to control samples without the test compound, to examine the extent of modulation.

The effects of the dominant negative proteins can be measured by examining any of the parameters described above. Any suitable gene expression, phenotypic, or physiological change can be used to assess the influence of a dominant negative protein. When the functional consequences are determined using intact cells or animals, one can also measure a variety of effects such as tumor growth, neovascularization, hormone release, transcriptional changes to both known and uncharacterized genetic markers (e.g., northern blots or oligonucleotide array studies), changes in cell metabolism such as cell growth or pH changes, and changes in intracellular second messengers such as cGMP.

Assays for dominant negative protein regulation of endogenous gene expression can be performed in vitro. In one preferred in vitro assay format, dominant negative protein regulation of endogenous gene expression in cultured cells is measured by examining protein production using an ELISA assay (see Examples VI and VII). The test sample is compared to control cells treated with an empty vector or an unrelated dominant negative protein that is targeted to another gene.

In another embodiment, dominant negative protein regulation of endogenous gene expression is determined in vitro by measuring the level of target gene mRNA expression. The level of gene expression is measured using amplification, e.g., using PCR, LCR, or hybridization assays, e.g., northern hybridization, RNase protection, dot blotting. RNase protection is used in one embodiment (see Example VIII and FIG. 10). The level of protein or mRNA is detected using directly or indirectly labeled detection agents, e.g., fluorescently or radioactively labeled nucleic acids, radioactively or enzymatically labeled antibodies, and the like, as described herein.

Alternatively, a reporter gene system can be devised using the target gene promoter operably linked to a reporter gene such as luciferase, green fluorescent protein, CAT, or β-gal. The reporter construct is typically co-transfected into a cultured cell. After treatment with the dominant negative protein of choice, the amount of reporter gene transcription, translation, or activity is measured according to standard techniques known to those of skill in the art.

Another example of an assay format useful for monitoring dominant negative protein regulation of endogenous gene expression is performed in vivo. This assay is particularly useful for examining dominant negative proteins that inhibit expression of tumor promoting genes, genes involved in tumor support, such as neovascularization (e.g., VEGF), or that activate tumor suppressor genes such as p53. In this assay, cultured tumor cells expressing the dominant negative protein of choice are injected subcutaneously into an immune compromised mouse such as an athymic mouse, an irradiated mouse, or a SCID mouse. After a suitable length of time, preferably 4-8 weeks, tumor growth is measured, e.g., by volume or by its two largest dimensions, and compared to the control. Tumors that have statistically significant reduction (using, e.g., Student's T test) are said to have inhibited growth. Alternatively, the extent of tumor neovascularization can also be measured. Immunoassays using endothelial cell specific antibodies are used to stain for vascularization of the tumor and the number of vessels in the tumor. Tumors that have a statistically significant reduction in the number of vessels (using, e.g., Student's T test) are said to have inhibited neovascularization.

Transgenic and non-transgenic animals are also used as a preferred embodiment for examining regulation of endogenous gene expression in vivo. Transgenic animals typically express the dominant negative protein of choice. Alternatively, animals that transiently express the dominant negative protein of choice, onto which the dominant negative protein has been administered in a delivery vehicle, can be used. Regulation of endogenous gene expression is tested using any one of the assays described herein.

Nucleic Acids Encoding Dominant Negative Proteins and Gene Therapy

Conventional viral and non-viral based gene transfer methods can be used to introduce nucleic acids encoding engineered dominant negative proteins in mammalian cells or target tissues. Such methods can be used to administer nucleic acids encoding dominant negative proteins to cells in vitro. Preferably, the nucleic acids encoding dominant negative proteins are administered for in vivo or ex vivo gene therapy uses. Non-viral vector delivery systems include DNA plasmids, naked nucleic acid, and nucleic acid complexed with a delivery vehicle such as a liposome. Viral vector delivery systems include DNA and RNA viruses, which have either episomal or integrated genomes after delivery to the cell. For a review of gene therapy procedures, see Anderson, Science 256:808-813 (1992); Nabel & Feigner, TIBTECH 11:211-217 (1993); Mitani & Caskey, TIBTECH 11:162-166 (1993); Dillon, TIBTECH 11:167-175 (1993); Miller, Nature 357:455-460 (1992); Van Brunt, Biotechnology 6(10):1149-1154 (1988); Vigne, Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 8:35-36 (1995); Kremer & Perricaudet, British Medical Bulletin 51(1):31-44 (1995); Haddada et al., in Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology Doerfler and Böhm (eds) (1995); and Yu et al., Gene Therapy 1:13-26 (1994).

Methods of non-viral delivery of nucleic acids encoding engineered dominant negative proteins include lipofection, microinjection, ballistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation or lipid:nucleic acid conjugates, naked DNA, artificial virions, and agent-enhanced uptake of DNA. Lipofection is described in e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,386, U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,787; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,355) and lipofection reagents are sold commercially (e.g., Transfectam™ and Lipofectin™). Cationic and neutral lipids that are suitable for efficient receptor-recognition lipofection of polynucleotides include those of Feigner, WO 91/17424, WO 91/16024. Delivery can be to cells (ex vivo administration) or target tissues (in vivo administration).

The preparation of lipid:nucleic acid complexes, including targeted liposomes such as immunolipid complexes, is well known to one of skill in the art (see, e.g., Crystal, Science 270:404-410 (1995); Blaese et al., Cancer Gene Ther. 2:291-297 (1995); Behr et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:382-389 (1994); Remy et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:647-654 (1994); Gao et al., Gene Therapy 2:710-722 (1995); Ahmad et al., Cancer Res. 52:4817-4820 (1992); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,186,183, 4,217,344, 4,235,871, 4,261,975, 4,485,054, 4,501,728, 4,774,085, 4,837,028, and 4,946,787).

The use of RNA or DNA viral based systems for the delivery of nucleic acids encoding engineered dominant negative protein take advantage of highly evolved processes for targeting a virus to specific cells in the body and trafficking the viral payload to the nucleus. Viral vectors can be administered directly to patients (in vivo) or they can be used to treat cells in vitro and the modified cells are administered to patients (ex vivo). Conventional viral based systems for the delivery of dominant negative proteins could include retroviral, lentivirus, adenoviral, adeno-associated and herpes simplex virus vectors for gene transfer. Viral vectors are currently the most efficient and versatile method of gene transfer in target cells and tissues. Integration in the host genome is possible with the retrovirus, lentivirus, and adeno-associated virus gene transfer methods, often resulting in long term expression of the inserted transgene. Additionally, high transduction efficiencies have been observed in many different cell types and target tissues.

The tropism of a retrovirus can be altered by incorporating foreign envelope proteins, expanding the potential target population of target cells. Lentiviral vectors are retroviral vector that are able to transduce or infect non-dividing cells and typically produce high viral titers. Selection of a retroviral gene transfer system would therefore depend on the target tissue. Retroviral vectors are comprised of cis-acting long terminal repeats with packaging capacity for up to 6-10 kb of foreign sequence. The minimum cis-acting LTRs are sufficient for replication and packaging of the vectors, which are then used to integrate the therapeutic gene into the target cell to provide permanent transgene expression. Widely used retroviral vectors include those based upon murine leukemia virus (MuLV), gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV), Simian Immuno deficiency virus (SIV), human immuno deficiency virus (HIV), and combinations thereof (see, e.g., Buchscher et al., J. Virol. 66:2731-2739 (1992); Johann et al., J. Virol. 66:1635-1640 (1992); Sommerfelt et al., Virol. 176:58-59 (1990); Wilson et al., J. Virol. 63:2374-2378 (1989); Miller et al., J. Virol. 65:2220-2224 (1991); PCT/US94/05700).

In applications where transient expression of the dominant negative protein is preferred, adenoviral based systems are typically used. Adenoviral based vectors are capable of very high transduction efficiency in many cell types and do not require cell division. With such vectors, high titer and levels of expression have been obtained. This vector can be produced in large quantities in a relatively simple system. Adeno-associated virus (“AAV”) vectors are also used to transduce cells with target nucleic acids, e.g., in the in vitro production of nucleic acids and peptides, and for in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy procedures (see, e.g., West et al., Virology 160:38-47 (1987); U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,368; WO 93/24641; Kotin, Human Gene Therapy 5:793-801 (1994); Muzyczka, J. Clin. Invest. 94:1351 (1994). Construction of recombinant AAV vectors are described in a number of publications, including U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,414; Tratschin et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3251-3260 (1985); Tratschin, et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2072-2081 (1984); Hermonat & Muzyczka, PNAS 81:6466-6470 (1984); and Samulski et al., J. Virol. 63:03822-3828 (1989).

In particular, at least six viral vector approaches are currently available for gene transfer in clinical trials, with retroviral vectors by far the most frequently used system. All of these viral vectors utilize approaches that involve complementation of defective vectors by genes inserted into helper cell lines to generate the transducing agent.

pLASN and MFG-S are examples are retroviral vectors that have been used in clinical trials (Dunbar et al., Blood 85:3048-305 (1995); Kohn et al., Nat. Med. 1:1017-102 (1995); Malech et al., PNAS 94:22 12133-12138 (1997)). PA317/pLASN was the first therapeutic vector used in a gene therapy trial. (Blaese et al., Science 270:475-480 (1995)). Transduction efficiencies of 50% or greater have been observed for MFG-S packaged vectors. (Ellem et al., Immunol Immunother. 44(1):10-20 (1997); Dranoff et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 1:111-2 (1997).

Recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors (rAAV) are a promising alternative gene delivery systems based on the defective and nonpathogenic parvovirus adeno-associated type 2 virus. All vectors are derived from a plasmid that retains only the AAV 145 by inverted terminal repeats flanking the transgene expression cassette. Efficient gene transfer and stable transgene delivery due to integration into the genomes of the transduced cell are key features for this vector system. (Wagner et al., Lancet 351:9117 1702-3 (1998), Kearns et al., Gene Ther. 9:748-55 (1996)).

Replication-deficient recombinant adenoviral vectors (Ad) are predominantly used for colon cancer gene therapy, because they can be produced at high titer and they readily infect a number of different cell types: Most adenovirus vectors are engineered such that a transgene replaces the Ad E1a, E1b, and E3 genes; subsequently the replication defector vector is propagated in human 293 cells that supply deleted gene function in trans. Ad vectors can transduce multiply types of tissues in vivo, including nondividing, differentiated cells such as those found in the liver, kidney and muscle system tissues. Conventional Ad vectors have a large carrying capacity. An example of the use of an Ad vector in a clinical trial involved polynucleotide therapy for antitumor immunization with intramuscular injection (Sterman et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 7:1083-9 (1998)). Additional examples of the use of adenovirus vectors for gene transfer in clinical trials include Rosenecker et al., Infection 24:1 5-10 (1996); Sterman et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 9:7 1083-1089 (1998); Welsh et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 2:205-18 (1995); Alvarez et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 5:597-613 (1997); Topf et al., Gene Ther. 5:507-513 (1998); Sterman et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 7:1083-1089 (1998).

Packaging cells are used to form virus particles that are capable of infecting a host cell: Such cells include 293 cells, which package adenovirus, and ψ2 cells or PA317 cells, which package retrovirus. Viral vectors used in gene therapy are usually generated by producer cell line that packages a nucleic acid vector into a viral particle. The vectors typically contain the minimal viral sequences required for packaging and subsequent integration into a host, other viral sequences being replaced by an expression cassette for the protein to be expressed. The missing viral functions are supplied in trans by the packaging cell line. For example, AAV vectors used in gene therapy typically only possess ITR sequences from the AAV genome which are required for packaging and integration into the host genome. Viral DNA is packaged in a cell line, which contains a helper plasmid encoding the other AAV genes, namely rep and cap, but lacking ITR sequences. The cell line is also infected with adenovirus as a helper. The helper virus promotes replication of the AAV vector and expression of AAV genes from the helper plasmid. The helper plasmid is not packaged in significant amounts due to a lack of ITR sequences. Contamination with adenovirus can be reduced by, e.g., heat treatment to which adenovirus is more sensitive than AAV.

In many gene therapy applications, it is desirable that the gene therapy vector be delivered with a high degree of specificity to a particular tissue type. A viral vector is typically modified to have specificity for a given cell type by expressing a ligand as a fusion protein with a viral coat protein on the viruses outer surface. The ligand is chosen to have affinity for a receptor known to be present on the cell type of interest. For example, Han et al., PNAS 92:9747-9751 (1995), reported that Moloney murine leukemia virus can be modified to express human heregulin fused to gp70, and the recombinant virus infects certain human breast cancer cells expressing human epidermal growth factor receptor. This principle can be extended to other pairs of virus expressing a ligand fusion protein and target cell expressing a receptor. For example, filamentous phage can be engineered to display antibody fragments (e.g., FAB or Fv) having specific binding affinity for virtually any chosen cellular receptor. Although the above description applies primarily to viral vectors, the same principles can be applied to nonviral vectors. Such vectors can be engineered to contain specific uptake sequences thought to favor uptake by specific target cells.

Gene therapy vectors can be delivered in vivo by administration to an individual patient, typically by systemic administration (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subdermal, or intracranial infusion) or topical application, as described below. Alternatively, vectors can be delivered to cells ex vivo, such as cells explanted from an individual patient (e.g., lymphocytes, bone marrow aspirates, tissue biopsy) or universal donor hematopoietic stem cells, followed by reimplantation of the cells into a patient, usually after selection for cells which have incorporated the vector.

Ex vivo cell transfection for diagnostics, research, or for gene therapy (e.g., via re-infusion of the transfected cells into the host organism) is well known to those of skill in the art. In a preferred embodiment, cells are isolated from the subject organism, transfected with a dominant negative protein nucleic acid (gene or cDNA), and re-infused back into the subject organism (e.g., patient). Various cell types suitable for ex vivo transfection are well known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., Freshney et al., Culture of Animal Cells, A Manual of Basic Technique (3rd ed. 1994)) and the references cited therein for a discussion of how to isolate and culture cells from patients).

In one embodiment, stem cells are used in ex vivo procedures for cell transfection and gene therapy. The advantage to using stem cells is that they can be differentiated into other cell types in vitro, or can be introduced into a mammal (such as the donor of the cells) where they will engraft in the bone marrow. Methods for differentiating CD34+ cells in vitro into clinically important immune cell types using cytokines such a GM-CSF, IFN-γ and TNF-α are known (see Inaba et al., J. Exp. Med. 176:1693-1702 (1992)).

Stem cells are isolated for transduction and differentiation using known methods. For example, stem cells are isolated from bone marrow cells by panning the bone marrow cells with antibodies which bind unwanted cells, such as CD4+ and CD8+ (T cells), CD45+(panB cells), GR-1 (granulocytes), and Tad (differentiated antigen presenting cells) (see Inaba et al., J. Exp. Med. 176:1693-1702 (1992)).

Vectors (e.g., retroviruses, adenoviruses, liposomes, etc.) containing therapeutic dominant negative protein nucleic acids can be also administered directly to the organism for transduction of cells in vivo. Alternatively, naked DNA can be administered. Administration is by any of the routes normally used for introducing a molecule into ultimate contact with blood or tissue cells. Suitable methods of administering such nucleic acids are available and well known to those of skill in the art, and, although more than one route can be used to administer a particular composition, a particular route can often provide a more immediate and more effective reaction than another route.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are determined in part by the particular composition being administered, as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations of pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, as described below (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., 1989).

Delivery Vehicles for Dominant Negative Proteins

An important factor in the administration of polypeptide compounds, such as the dominant negative proteins of the present invention, is ensuring that the polypeptide has the ability to traverse the plasma membrane of a cell, or the membrane of an intra-cellular compartment such as the nucleus. Cellular membranes are composed of lipid-protein bilayers that are freely permeable to small, nonionic lipophilic compounds and are inherently impermeable to polar compounds, macromolecules, and therapeutic or diagnostic agents. However, proteins and other compounds such as liposomes have been described, which have the ability to translocate polypeptides such as dominant negative proteins across a cell membrane.

For example, “membrane translocation polypeptides” have amphiphilic or hydrophobic amino acid subsequences that have the ability to act as membrane-translocating carriers. In one embodiment, homeodomain proteins have the ability to translocate across cell membranes. The shortest internalizable peptide of a homeodomain protein, Antennapedia, was found to be the third helix of the protein, from amino acid position 43 to 58 (see, e.g., Prochiantz, Current Opinion in Neurobiology 6:629-634 (1996)). Another subsequence, the h (hydrophobic) domain of signal peptides, was found to have similar cell membrane translocation characteristics (see, e.g., Lin et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270:1 4255-14258 (1995)).

Examples of peptide sequences which can be linked to a dominant negative protein of the invention, for facilitating uptake of dominant negative protein into cells, include, but are not limited to: an 11 animo acid peptide of the tat protein of HIV; a 20 residue peptide sequence which corresponds to amino acids 84-103 of the p16 protein (see Fahraeus et al., Current Biology 6:84 (1996)); the third helix of the 60-amino acid long homeodomain of Antennapedia (Derossi et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269:10444 (1994)); the h region of a signal peptide such as the Kaposi fibroblast growth factor (K-FGF) h region (Lin et al., supra); or the VP22 translocation domain from HSV (Elliot & O'Hare, Cell 88:223-233 (1997)). Other suitable chemical moieties that provide enhanced cellular uptake may also be chemically linked to dominant negative proteins. For example, nuclear localization signals may be appended to enhance uptake into the nuclear compartment of cells.

Toxin molecules also have the ability to transport polypeptides across cell membranes. Often, such molecules are composed of at least two parts (called “binary toxins”): a translocation or binding domain or polypeptide and a separate toxin domain or polypeptide. Typically, the translocation domain or polypeptide binds to a cellular receptor, and then the toxin is transported into the cell. Several bacterial toxins, including Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, diphtheria toxin (DT), Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE), pertussis toxin (PT), Bacillus anthracis toxin, and pertussis adenylate cyclase (CYA), have been used in attempts to deliver peptides to the cell cytosol as internal or amino-terminal fusions (Arora et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268:3334-3341 (1993); Perelle et al., Infect. Immun., 61:5147-5156 (1993); Stenmark et al., J. Cell Biol. 113:1025-1032 (1991); Donnelly et al., PNAS 90:3530-3534 (1993); Carbonetti et al., Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 95:295 (1995); Sebo et al., Infect. Immun. 63:3851-3857 (1995); Klimpel et al., PNAS U.S.A. 89:10277-10281 (1992); and Novak et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267:17186-17193 1992)).

Such subsequences can be used to translocate dominant negative proteins across a cell membrane. Dominant negative proteins can be conveniently fused to or derivatized with such sequences. Typically, the translocation sequence is provided as part of a fusion protein. Optionally, a linker can be used to link the dominant negative protein and the translocation sequence. Any suitable linker can be used, e.g., a peptide linker.

The dominant negative protein can also be introduced into an animal cell, preferably a mammalian cell, via a liposomes and liposome derivatives such as immunoliposomes. The term “liposome” refers to vesicles comprised of one or more concentrically ordered lipid bilayers, which encapsulate an aqueous phase. The aqueous phase typically contains the compound to be delivered to the cell, i.e., a dominant negative protein.

The liposome fuses with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing the drug into the cytosol. Alternatively, the liposome is phagocytosed or taken up by the cell in a transport vesicle. Once in the endosome or phagosome, the liposome either degrades or fuses with the membrane of the transport vesicle and releases its contents.

In current methods of drug delivery via liposomes, the liposome ultimately becomes permeable and releases the encapsulated compound (in this case, a dominant negative protein) at the target tissue or cell. For systemic or tissue specific delivery, this can be accomplished, for example, in a passive manner wherein the liposome bilayer degrades over time through the action of various agents in the body. Alternatively, active drug release involves using an agent to induce a permeability change in the liposome vesicle. Liposome membranes can be constructed so that they become destabilized when the environment becomes acidic near the liposome membrane (see, e.g., PNAS 84:7851 (1987); Biochemistry 28:908 (1989)). When liposomes are endocytosed by a target cell, for example, they become destabilized and release their contents. This destabilization is termed fusogenesis. Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) is the basis of many “fusogenic” systems.

Such liposomes typically comprise a dominant negative protein and a lipid component, e.g., a neutral and/or cationic lipid, optionally including a receptor-recognition molecule such as an antibody that binds to a predetermined cell surface receptor or ligand (e.g., an antigen). A variety of methods are available for preparing liposomes as described in, e.g., Szoka et al., Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 9:467 (1980), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,186,183, 4,217,344, 4,235,871, 4,261,975, 4,485,054, 4,501,728, 4,774,085, 4,837,028, 4,235,871, 4,261,975, 4,485,054, 4,501,728, 4,774,085, 4,837,028, 4,946,787, PCT Publication No. WO 91\17424, Deamer & Bangham, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 443:629-634 (1976); Fraley, et al., PNAS 76:3348-3352 (1979); Hope et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 812:55-65 (1985); Mayer et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 858:161-168 (1986); Williams et al., PNAS 85:242-246 (1988); Liposomes (Ostro (ed.), 1983, Chapter 1); Hope et al., Chem. Phys. Lip. 40:89 (1986); Gregoriadis, Liposome Technology (1984) and Lasic, Liposomes: from Physics to Applications (1993)). Suitable methods include, for example, sonication, extrusion, high pressure/homogenization, microfluidization, detergent dialysis, calcium-induced fusion of small liposome vesicles and ether-fusion methods, all of which are well known in the art.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, it is desirable to target the liposomes of the invention using targeting moieties that are specific to a particular cell type, tissue, and the like. Targeting of liposomes using a variety of targeting moieties (e.g., ligands, receptors, and monoclonal antibodies) has been previously described (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,957,773 and 4,603,044).

Examples of targeting moieties include monoclonal antibodies specific to antigens associated with neoplasms, such as prostate cancer specific antigen and MAGE. Tumors can also be diagnosed by detecting gene products resulting from the activation or over-expression of oncogenes, such as ras or c-erbB2. In addition, many tumors express antigens normally expressed by fetal tissue, such as the alphafetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Sites of viral infection can be diagnosed using various viral antigens such as hepatitis B core and surface antigens (HBVc, HBVs) hepatitis C antigens, Epstein-Barr virus antigens, human immunodeficiency type-1 virus (HIV1) and papilloma virus antigens. Inflammation can be detected using molecules specifically recognized by surface molecules which are expressed at sites of inflammation such as integrins (e.g., VCAM-1), selectin receptors (e.g., ELAM-1) and the like.

Standard methods for coupling targeting agents to liposomes can be used. These methods generally involve incorporation into liposomes lipid components, e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine, which can be activated for attachment of targeting agents, or derivatized lipophilic compounds, such as lipid derivatized bleomycin. Antibody targeted liposomes can be constructed using, for instance, liposomes which incorporate protein A (see Renneisen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 265:16337-16342 (1990) and Leonetti et al., PNAS 87:2448-2451 (1990).

Doses of Dominant Negative Proteins

For therapeutic applications of dominant negative proteins, the dose administered to a patient, in the context of the present invention should be sufficient to effect a beneficial therapeutic response in the patient over time. In addition, particular dosage regimens can be useful for determining phenotypic changes in an experimental setting, e.g., in functional genomics studies, and in cell or animal models. The dose will be determined by the condition of the patient, as well as the body weight or surface area of the patient to be treated. The size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side-effects that accompany the administration of a particular compound or vector in a particular patient.

The appropriate dose of an expression vector encoding a dominant negative protein can also be calculated by taking into account the average rate of dominant negative protein expression from the promoter and the average rate of dominant negative protein degradation in the cell. Preferably, a weak promoter such as a wild-type or mutant HSV TK is used.

In determining the effective amount of a dominant negative protein to be administered in the treatment or prophylaxis of disease, the physician evaluates circulating plasma levels of the dominant negative protein or nucleic acid encoding the dominant negative protein, potential dominant negative protein toxicities, progression of the disease, and the production of anti-dominant negative protein antibodies. Administration can be accomplished via single or divided doses.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration

Dominant negative proteins and expression vectors encoding dominant negative proteins can be administered directly to the patient for modulation of gene expression and for therapeutic or prophylactic applications, for example, cancer, ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, HIV infection, sickle cell anemia, Alzheimer's disease, muscular dystrophy, neurodegenerative diseases, vascular disease, cystic fibrosis, stroke, and the like. Examples of microorganisms that can be inhibited by dominant negative protein gene therapy include pathogenic bacteria, e.g., chlamydia, rickettsial bacteria, mycobacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, meningococci and conococci, klebsiella, proteus, serratia, pseudomonas, legionella, diphtheria, salmonella, bacilli, cholera, tetanus, botulism, anthrax, plague, leptospirosis, and Lyme disease bacteria; infectious fungus, e.g., Aspergillus, Candida species; protozoa such as sporozoa (e.g., Plasmodia), rhizopods (e.g., Entamoeba) and flagellates (Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Trichomonas, Giardia, etc.); viral diseases, e.g., hepatitis (A, B, or C), herpes virus (e.g., VZV, HSV-1, HSV-6, HSV-II, CMV, and EBV), HIV, Ebola, adenovirus, influenza virus, flaviviruses, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps virus, rotavirus, measles virus, rubella virus, parvovirus, vaccinia virus, HTLV virus, dengue virus, papillomavirus, poliovirus, rabies virus, and arboviral encephalitis virus, etc.

Administration of therapeutically effective amounts is by any of the routes normally used for introducing dominant negative protein into ultimate contact with the tissue to be treated. The dominant negative proteins are administered in any suitable manner, preferably with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable methods of administering such modulators are available and well known to those of skill in the art, and, although more than one route can be used to administer a particular composition, a particular route can often provide a more immediate and more effective reaction than another route.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are determined in part by the particular composition being administered, as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations of pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17^(th) ed. 1985)).

The dominant negative proteins, alone or in combination with other suitable components, can be made into aerosol formulations (i.e., they can be “nebulized”) to be administered via inhalation. Aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized acceptable propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, and the like.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration, such as, for example, by intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, and subcutaneous routes, include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives. In the practice of this invention, compositions can be administered, for example, by intravenous infusion, orally, topically, intraperitoneally, intravesically or intrathecally. The formulations of compounds can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, such as ampules and vials. Injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind previously described.

Functional Genomics Assays

Dominant negative proteins also have use for assays to determine the phenotypic consequences and function of gene expression. The recent advances in analytical techniques, coupled with focussed mass sequencing efforts have created the opportunity to identify and characterize many more molecular targets than were previously available. This new information about genes and their functions will speed along basic biological understanding and present many new targets for therapeutic intervention. In some cases analytical tools have not kept pace with the generation of new data. An example is provided by recent advances in the measurement of global differential gene expression. These methods, typified by gene expression microarrays, differential cDNA cloning frequencies, subtractive hybridization and differential display methods, can very rapidly identify genes that are up or down-regulated in different tissues or in response to specific stimuli. Increasingly, such methods are being used to explore biological processes such as, transformation, tumor progression, the inflammatory response, neurological disorders etc. One can now very easily generate long lists of differentially expressed genes that correlate with a given physiological phenomenon, but demonstrating a causative relationship between an individual differentially expressed gene and the phenomenon is difficult. Until now, simple methods for assigning function to differentially expressed genes have not kept pace with the ability to monitor differential gene expression.

Using conventional molecular approaches, over expression of a candidate gene can be accomplished by cloning a full-length cDNA, subcloning it into a mammalian expression vector and transfecting the recombinant vector into an appropriate host cell. This approach is straightforward but labor intensive, particularly when the initial candidate gene is represented by a simple expressed sequence tag (EST). Under expression of a candidate gene by “conventional” methods is yet more problematic. Antisense methods and methods that rely on targeted ribozymes are unreliable, succeeding for only a small fraction of the targets selected. Gene knockout by homologous recombination works fairly well in recombinogenic stem cells but very inefficiently in somatically derived cell lines. In either case large clones of syngeneic genomic DNA (on the order of 10 kb) should be isolated for recombination to work efficiently.

The dominant negative protein technology can be used to rapidly analyze differential gene expression studies. Engineered dominant negative proteins can be readily used to up or down-regulate any endogenous target gene. This makes the dominant negative protein technology ideal for analysis of long lists of poorly characterized differentially expressed genes.

This specific example of using engineered dominant negative proteins to add functional information to genomic data is merely illustrative. Any experimental situation that could benefit from the specific up or down-regulation of a gene or genes could benefit from the reliability and ease of use of engineered dominant negative proteins.

Additionally, greater experimental control can be imparted by dominant negative proteins than can be achieved by more conventional methods. This is because the production and/or function of an engineered dominant negative protein can be placed under small molecule control. Examples of this approach are provided by the Tet-On system, the ecdysone-regulated system and a system incorporating a chimeric factor including a mutant progesterone receptor. These systems are all capable of indirectly imparting small molecule control on any endogenous gene of interest or any transgene by placing the function and/or expression of a dominant negative protein under small molecule control.

Transgenic Mice

A further application of the dominant negative protein technology is manipulating gene expression in transgenic animals. Conventional down-regulation of gene expression in transgenic animals is plagued by technical difficulties. Gene knockout by homologous recombination is the method most commonly applied currently. This method requires a relatively long genomic clone of the gene to be knocked out (ca. 10 kb). Typically, a selectable marker is inserted into an exon of the gene of interest to effect the gene disruption, and a second counter-selectable marker provided outside of the region of homology to select homologous versus non-homologous recombinants. This construct is transfected into embryonic stem cells and recombinants selected in culture. Recombinant stem cells are combined with very early stage embryos generating chimeric animals. If the chimerism extends to the germline homozygous knockout animals can be isolated by back-crossing. When the technology is successfully applied, knockout animals can be generated in approximately one year. Unfortunately two common issues often prevent the successful application of the knockout technology; embryonic lethality and developmental compensation. Embryonic lethality results when the gene to be knocked out plays an essential role in development. This can manifest itself as a lack of chimerism, lack of germline transmission or the inability to generate homozygous back crosses. Genes can play significantly different physiological roles during development versus in adult animals. Therefore, embryonic lethality is not considered a rationale for dismissing a gene target as a useful target for therapeutic intervention in adults. Embryonic lethality most often simply means that the gene of interest can not be easily studied in mouse models, using conventional methods.

Developmental compensation is the substitution of a related gene product for the gene product being knocked out. Genes often exist in extensive families. Selection or induction during the course of development can in some cases trigger the substitution of one family member for another mutant member. This type of functional substitution may not be possible in the adult animal. A typical result of developmental compensation would be the lack of a phenotype in a knockout mouse when the ablation of that gene's function in an adult would otherwise cause a physiological change. This is a kind of false negative result that often confounds the interpretation of conventional knockout mouse models.

A few new methods have been developed to avoid embryonic lethality. These methods are typified by an approach using the cre recombinase and lox DNA recognition elements. The recognition elements are inserted into a gene of interest using homologous recombination (as described above) and the expression of the recombinase induced in adult mice post-development. This causes the deletion of a portion of the target gene and avoids developmental complications. The method is labor intensive and suffers form chimerism due to non-uniform induction of the recombinase.

The use of engineered dominant negative proteins to manipulate gene expression can be restricted to adult animals using the small molecule regulated systems described in the previous section. Expression and/or function of a dominant negative protein can be switched off during development and switched on at will in the adult animals. This approach relies on the expression of the dominant negative protein only; homologous recombination is not required. Because the dominant negative proteins are trans dominant, there is no concern about germline transmission or homozygosity. These issues dramatically affect the time and labor required to go from a poorly characterized gene candidate (a cDNA or EST clone) to a mouse model. This ability can be used to rapidly identify and/or validate gene targets for therapeutic intervention, generate novel model systems and permit the analysis of complex physiological phenomena (development, hematopoiesis, transformation, neural function etc.). Chimeric targeted mice can be derived according to Hogan et al., Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual, (1988); Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach, Robertson, ed., (1987); and Capecchi et al., Science 244:1288 (1989).

All publications and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of noncritical parameters that could be changed or modified to yield essentially similar results.

Example 1 Dominant Negative Inhibition of Transcription by Linking Tat to a Protein that Localizes to the Transcriptional Machinery

The Tat-hybrid assay, in which Tat fused to a heterologous RNA-binding domain (RBD) elicits activation of an HIV-1 LTR reporter plasmid containing a cognate RNA-binding site, has been useful for studying RNA-protein interactions in living cells⁶. However, as with other types of fusion protein assays, dominant negative proteins can be generated unintentionally that score as false negatives. We discovered a novel class of highly potent dominant negatives, exemplified by Tat fusions to splicing factors, whose potency appears to be dictated by cotranscriptional recruitment to the HIV promoter.

We devised a dual-fluorescence Tat-hybrid assay to monitor RNA-binding specificity using two pairs of orthogonal reporters and Tat fusions, herein referred to as T-fusions. To calibrate the assay, T-BIV_(RBD), a fusion between the HIV Tat activation domain (AD) and the RBD of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) Tat, was used to activate a BIV TAR (BTAR)-DsRed reporter, while T-SF1, a Tat fusion to human splicing factor SF1, was used to activate a branch point sequence (BPS)-GFP reporter (FIG. 1 a). When transfected on their own, both T-BIV_(RBD) and T-SF1 strongly activated only their cognate RNA reporters. Strikingly, however, activation via the T-BIV_(RBD)-BTAR interaction was strongly inhibited when both T-fusions were co-transfected (3-fold activation) whereas activation via the T-SF1-BPS interaction was unafected (170-fold).

Using a more quantitative luciferase reporter, we found that inhibition was remarkably potent, with a stoichiometric amount of T-SF1 plasmid DNA (5 ng) sufficient to almost completely block activation mediated by the BIV Tat-BTAR interaction (FIG. 1 b). The dose response of inhibition by T-SF1 mirrors activation of a BPS reporter (FIG. 1 b), demonstrating that T-SF1 functions as an activator through its cognate RNA-binding site. We confirmed that the high potency observed in the transfection experiments accurately reflected relative protein stoichiometries by Western blot analysis of HA-tagged Tat activator and dominant negative proteins (FIG. 6). It is clear that the high potency results from the fusion, as SF1 alone does not inhibit Tat activation (data not shown) and it is known that the Tat AD without an RBD is a very weak dominant negative^(4,5). Given that several splicing factors, including SF1 and U2AF65, interact with CTD-associated factors or directly with RNAP II⁷, we hypothesized that the SF1 moiety targets the T-fusion to RNAP II. We propose a model in which this recruitment step increases the local concentration of the non-activating T-fusion at the HIV promoter thereby out-competing the wild-type Tat activator (see below).

If the targeting hypothesis is correct, then T-fusions to other RNAP II-localized splicing factors might show a similar phenotype. Indeed, T-U2AF65 is an even more potent inhibitor (FIG. 1 c, left panel). U2AF65 fusions to either full-length Tat or the Tat AD are equally potent (FIG. 5), showing that the Tat RBD is dispensable for the dominant negative function. T-U2AF65 also is a potent inhibitor of Tat activation when mediated by the Rev-RRE IIB RNA interaction (FIG. 1 c, right panel), further demonstrating that the inhibitor functions independently of the RNA-protein interaction. The Tat AD alone is a poor inhibitor (FIG. 1 c), again showing the requirement of the targeting moiety. Besides splicing factors, other proteins interact with RNAP II before, during, or after pre-initiation complex (PIC) formation, including other RNA-processing proteins that are co-transcriptionally recruited to the CTD². T-fusions to some, but not all, of these factors inhibited Tat-mediated activation to different extents, but none was as potent as T-U2AF65 (FIG. 7).

The specificity of inhibition for the HIV promoter was assessed by measuring effects of T-U2AF65 on other reporter-activator combinations. No inhibition was observed in any case, including activation by the P-TEFb-dependent MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) and heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1), as well as p53 and GAL4-VP16, and constitutive expression from the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (FIG. 1 d). Furthermore, no inhibition of cellular promoters was observed in stable cell lines expressing T-U2AF65 (FIG. 9).

Example 2 Effect of Localization of the Dominant Negative Protein on Inhibition of Transcription

To begin examining the effect of localization on inhibitor activity, we first asked whether nuclear localization alone might account for some of its potency, particularly because a variety of T-fusions showed activity, albeit not as strong as T-U2AF65 (FIG. 7). We generated T-fusions to GFP with or without a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and observed very weak dominant negative activity for the AD fusion alone (T-GFP) and only slightly enhanced inhibition for T-NLS-GFP (FIG. 2 a). This result is consistent with the mild dominant negative phenotype observed for a Tat 1-53 truncation mutant that deletes part of the RNA-binding domain but still retains an NLS⁵. In contrast, T-U2AF65-GFP is a highly potent inhibitor (FIG. 2 a), indicating that nuclear localization is not the major factor contributing to potency. T-GFP is distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus, like unfused GFP, whereas T-NLS-GFP is greater than 95% nuclear and absent from the nucleolus, as expected (FIG. 2 a). T-U2AF65-GFP shows a striking subnuclear pattern of “speckle-associated patches” (FIG. 2 a). Related patterns are seen with RS-domain containing proteins^(8,9), which include U2AF65, prompting us to examine the domains of T-U2AF65 important for inhibition.

The RS domains of U2AF65 and other splicing factors help recruit these proteins to regions of active splicing within the nucleus^(8,9) and also are believed to interact with RNAP II during transcription complex asembly⁹. The presence of RNAP II and splicing and mRNA-export factors suggests an active role for the “speckle-associated patches” in mRNA processing, although they are otherwise considered mainly as storage sites for factors involved in mRNA metabolism^(10,11). To test the possible involvement of RS domains in dominant negative inhibition, we generated a T-fusion lacking the RS domain (T-U2AF65ΔRS, which contains U2AF65 residues 91-475) and a second with the RS domain alone (T-RS, which contains U2AF65 residues 2-73). Of these, only T-RS remained a potent inhibitor (FIG. 2 b). T-RS shows a speckle pattern even more striking than full-length T-U2AF65, with T-RS concentrated in only about 10-30 speckles. To confirm that the Tat AD also is important for inhibition, we generated T-U2AF65 and T-RS mutants with a Lys41-to-Ala substitution in the AD that disrupts interactions with transcriptional co-activators, particularly P-TEFb¹². Both are inactive as inhibitors despite having the same localization patterns as the non-mutant versions (FIGS. 2 b and 8). U2AF65 RS-domain fusions to other transcriptional ADs, including VP16 and E1A, do not inhibit Tat-mediated activation (D'Orso and Frankel, unpublished observations), further demonstrating the specificity of inhibition and the requirement for the Tat AD. Thus, both an RS domain and a functional Tat AD are necessary and sufficient to generate the potent dominant negative phenotype. We envisage a model in which the U2AF65 RS-domain targets the T-fusion to subnuclear compartments (speckles) where transcription complexes are assembling, thereby facilitating the interaction of the Tat AD with one or more factors of the transcriptional machinery assembling at the HIV promoter.

Example 3 Recruitment of the Dominant Negative Protein to the Transcriptional Machinery

To examine the recruitment of T-U2AF65 to the transcriptional machinery, we first analyzed possible interactions with RNAP II by co-immunoprecipitation using antibodies against the Ser5-phosphorylated CTD (Ser5P-CTD), known as RNAP IIa. T-U2AF65-GFP, as well as the K41A Tat AD mutant, are complexed with RNAP IIa in a RNA-independent manner (FIG. 3 a). Strikingly, no interaction is seen with T-NLS-GFP lacking the U2AF65 moiety despite the reported interaction of Tat with RNAP II in vitro¹³. Identical results were obtained using antibodies that recognize RNAPII with unphosphorylated CTD (data not shown). Thus, it appears that the U2AF65 RS moiety localizes the inhibitor to transcription complexes more efficiently than the Tat AD, consistent with the observations that U2AF65 interacts with RNAP II⁷ and that fusing an RS domain to a cytoplasmic reporter protein results in nuclear localization and interaction with RNAP II^(9,14). The interaction with RNAP II was confirmed by immunofluorescence, in which T-U2AF65-GFP was seen to co-localize with both unphosphorylated and Ser5P-CTD forms of polymerase (FIG. 3 b). Partial co-localization (˜18%) was observed with SC35, a marker of speckle-associated patches¹⁵. Consistent with the hypothesis that the RS domain drives the interaction with RNAP II, T-RS-GFP showed the same co-localization as the full-length U2AF65 T-fusion (data not shown). In addition to interacting with RNAP II, T-U2AF65-GFP also is complexed to P-TEFb (FIG. 3 a), as is the Tat AD fusion without the U2AF65 moiety. The Tat AD K41A mutation, known to abrogate the Tat-cyclin T1 interaction¹², eliminates the interaction of T-U2AF65-GFP with P-TEFb, supporting the hypothesis that inhibitor potency results from bivalent interactions involving both the Tat AD and RS domain.

Example 4 Targeting of the Dominant Negative Protein to the HIV Promoter

A primary function of Tat is to enhance transcription elongation³ but it also participates in pre-initiation complex assembly^(3,16). RNase protection experiments using promoter proximal (Pp) and distal (Pd) probes indicate that the T-U2AF65 dominant negative primarily inhibits elongation (FIG. 3 c). Tat transfected into HeLa cells substantially enhances transcription in the Pd but not Pp region of a luciferase reporter (compare lanes 1 and 2), as previously reported 3, whereas a stoichiometric amount of co-transfected T-U2AF65 reduces transcription in the Pd region to basal levels but does not effect Pp transcription (lane 3). Inhibition is dose responsive (data not shown) and requires the U2AF65 moiety as the Tat AD alone shows little inhibition (lane 4). We next used chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to examine recruitment of RNAP II, Tat, and T-U2AF65 to the HIV promoter and to test the hypothesis that the inhibitor is efficiently localized to the promoter. To assess complex assembly in an integrated chromatin context, we generated a stable HeLa cell line carrying an LTR-RREIIB-FFL reporter, which was strongly activated by T-Rev (215-fold) and inhibited by T-U2AF65 in a dose-responsive manner (FIG. 3 d). In the absence of T-Rev, RNAP II is detected in the Pp but not Pd region (panel 1), implying a block to elongation, while RNAP II is seen in both regions following T-Rev transfection (panel 2), as previously reported^(16,17). The level of RNAP II detected in the Pp region increases ˜5-fold in the presence of Tat, consistent with the proposed role of Tat in transcription complex assembly¹⁶. The T-Rev-HA activator was also detected in the Pp region (panel 2) but, notably, the T-U2AF65-GFP inhibitor showed even higher occupancy (panel 3); consistent with the observation that U2AF65 can be detected in the Pp region in the absence of Tat¹⁷. To more directly evaluate competition between the activator and inhibitor, we co-transfected both plasmids and observed strong occupancy of T-U2AF65-GFP in the Pp region whereas no T-Rev-HA could be detected (panel 4). Furthermore, the Tat AD alone, without the U2AF65 moiety, was not detectable at the promoter (panel 5, T-NLS-GFP). Thus, the ChIP experiments support the hypothesis that the T-U2AF65 inhibitor is recruited to the HIV promoter through an interaction with RNAP II, efficiently pre-loading the inhibitor into transcription complexes and blocking entry of the Tat activator.

The specificity of dominant negative inhibition for the HIV promoter is clear (FIG. 1 d), but the co-localization data (FIG. 3 b) suggest that a substantial amount of RNAP II interacts with the inhibitor, prompting us to test whether T-U2AF65 is recruited to other promoters. Of five cellular promoters analyzed by ChIP, including the P-TEFb-dependent MHC class II and hsp70 promoters, only hsp70 showed any detectable T-U2AF65-GFP, unlike the high occupancy observed at the HIV promoter (FIG. 3 e). These data indicate that the efficiency of T-U2AF65 recruitment involves interactions other than to RNAP II, likely including interactions with PTEFb and other factors in the transcription machinery.

Example 5 Use of the Tat Dominant Negative to Inhibit HIV Replication

The high potency of the Tat dominant negatives and the requirement of Tat for viral replication suggested that they might be effective HIV inhibitors. To analyze this we generated SupT1 lymphocyte cell lines stably expressing T-U2AF65, T-HIV_(RBD)-U2AF65, or T-BIV_(RBD)-U2AF65 dominant negatives or the non-fusion controls, Tat_(AD), Tat, T-BIV_(RBD), or U2AF65, and monitored HIV replication rates using viruses dependent on either the HIV or BIV Tat-TAR interactions¹⁸. We observed striking specificity of the dominant negatives in which replication was inhibited only in viruses driven by a non-cognate RNA-protein interaction. Expression of T-U2AF65, which contains no TAR RNA-binding domain, markedly suppressed replication of both viruses compared to the Tat_(AD) or U2AF65 controls, with no p24 antigen detectable until 18-20 days after infection (FIGS. 4 a and 4 b). Expression of T-HIV_(RBD)-U2AF65 or T-BIV_(RBD)-U2AF65 inhibited replication of the non-cognate virus to a similar extent as T-U2AF65 and showed only a slight inhibitory effect on the cognate virus (FIGS. 4 a and 4 b). Interestingly, expression of the Tat or T-BIV_(RBD) activators actually accelerated replication of the cognate, but not non-cognate viruses, suggesting that Tat levels in these viruses are limiting and/or Tat may benefit viral adaptability. In the inhibitor cell lines, virus that emerged after 18-20 days displayed slow replication kinetics and reached a low plateau of p24 expression that remained constant for at least 110 days (FIGS. 4 a and 4 b) without producing cytophatic effects. Viral stocks harveted from these cell lines after 30 days displayed identical growth kinetics as the original stock upon re-infection (FIG. 10). Sequencing of integrated viral DNA showed no mutations in the LTR or Tat, indicating that the viruses do not acquire resistance mutations during this time period but rather grow poorly under these conditions of dominant negative inhibitor expression.

Example 6 Tat RBD is Dispensable for Dominant Negative Activity

To assess whether the RBD of Tat contributes to the dominant negative activity, we generated U2AF65 fusions to full-length Tat or Tat_(AD) and measured their effects using an LTR-BTAR-RL reporter and Tat-BIV_(RBD) activator. Indeed, both T-HIV_(RBD)-U2AF65 and T-U2AF65 inhibited activation more than 10-fold at sub-stoichiometric plasmid DNA levels relative to the activator (FIG. 5 a). Tat_(AD) without tethered U2AF65, showed little inhibition. Similarly, full-length Tat is a weak dominant negative inhibitor of BIV Tat-TAR-mediated activation, consistent with a previous report [1]. In a converse experiment, activation of an LTR-HTAR-FFL reporter by Tat-HIV_(RBD) is potently inhibited by T-U2AF65 and T-BIV_(RBD)-U2AF65 but not by un-fused Tat_(AD) or T-BIV_(RBD) (FIG. 5 b). Additional control experiments showed that T-HIV_(RBD)-U2AF65 and T-BIV_(RBD)-U2AF65 fusion proteins activated expression of their cognate reporters to about 50% of the un-fused protein levels and that expression of non-Tat fused U2AF65 did not inhibit activation (data not shown).

Example 7 Relative Expression Levels of Tat Activator and Dominant Negative

Immunofluorescence experiments showed that the T-Rev activator and T-U2AF65 dominant negative were expressed similarly and localized to the nucleus (FIG. 2 a). We analyzed protein levels more quantitatively by Western blot using HA-tagged proteins and confirmed that stoichiometric plasmid levels express similar amounts of protein (FIG. 6). Thus, the high potency of T-U2AF65 is striking given that the best reported dominant negative Tat inhibitors require more than 5-fold higher inhibitor levels to reduce activation by less than 10-fold [2-4].

Example 8 Inhibition Activities of Other T-Fusions

The potent inhibition observed with T-SF1 and T-U2AF65 prompted us to evaluate whether fusions to other transcription or RNA processing factors might also act as dominant negatives. While T-SF1 was slightly less potent than T-U2AF65, a fusion to the SR-protein 9G8 (T-9G8) was nearly as potent as T-U2AF65 (FIG. 7). Fusions to the CstF1 polyadenylation factor known to be recruited to the CTD [5,6] and to an hnRNP A1 fusion containing RRM RBDs also showed some modest inhibition (about 4 fold). In contrast, fusions to the DNA-binding transcription factors Spl or RelA showed relatively little inhibition (about 2 fold), consistent with a previous report showing little inhibitory effect by fusing Tat to other DNA-binding factors[7]. T-TAF8 also showed no inhibition, consistent with the proposal that Tat-activation is exerted through a TFIID-containing TBP complex but independent of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) [8]. All T-fusions were nuclear and expressed at similar levels as judged by indirect immunofluorescence (FIG. 7), except that T-RelA showed more prominent perinuclear localization in the absence of TNF-α activation. Thus, T-fusions to splicing factors containing RS domains (T-U2AF65 and T-9G8) are the most potent inhibitors.

Example 9 Possible Contribution of Subnuclear Localization to Dominant Negative Activity

Deleting the RS domain of T-U2AF65 eliminates dominant negative activity (see T-U2AF65ΔRS in FIG. 2 b) and its subcellular localization is strikingly different (FIG. 2 b). While T-U2AF65 shows speckle-associated patches typical of splicing factors, U2AF65ΔRS is spread throughout the nucleoplasm. To evaluate whether the Tat or U2AF65 moieties were responsible for these localization patterns, we first compared localization of T-U2AF65-GFP, U2FA65-GFP, and the inactive T(K41A)-U2AF65-GFP variant (FIG. 8). All three are localized similarly in speckles (Spk), implying that U2AF65 drives the localization of the dominant negative and that localization is necessary but not sufficient for inhibition.

An even more striking subnuclear localization pattern is seen for T-RS-GFP bearing only the U2AF65 RS-domain in which only a few (10-30) bright clusters are observed (FIG. 8). Again, the Tat AD K41A mutation does not alter its localization. Interestingly, an RS-GFP fusion lacking the Tat AD is no longer localized to speckles but rather to nucleoli (FIG. 8), suggesting that both the AD and RS domains of T-RS contribute to its speckle localization in this shorter context. Deletion of the RS-domain in both U2AF65 and T-U2AF65 also eliminates localization to speckles and shows a nuclear pattern with nucleolar exclusion (FIG. 8), further highlighting the importance of the RS domain for speckle localization.

Example 10 Dominant Negative Expression Levels and Functional Activity in Stable Supt1 Populations

To assess expression levels of the Tat activators (Tat, Tat_(AD) and T-BIV_(RBD)) and dominant negative inhibitors (T-U2AF65, T-HIV_(RBD)-U2AF65, and T-BIV_(RBD)-U2AF65) in the stable SupT1 populations used for the viral replication assays, we first determined mRNA steady-state levels for each protein by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, using two sets of primers that amplify Tat or U2AF65 portions of the mRNAs. While the RNA expression levels varied widely between samples, all were clearly detectable, with the SupT1-Tat population expressing the highest levels (normalized expression level of 370 units), followed by T-BIV_(RBD) (120 units), Tat_(AD) (100 units), Tat_(AD)-U2AF65 and T-BIV_(RBD)-U2AF65 (35 units), and Tat-U2AF65 (7 units). We next characterized expression in a more functional assay in vivo by transfecting each stable cell population with an activatable GFP reporter, depending on the Tat protein expressed, and monitored activity by flow cytometry (data not shown). All stable SupT1 populations expressing the full-length Tat moiety activated an LTR-HTAR-GFP reporter, varying from 9-20 fold, while cell lines expressing Tat_(AD) did not activate. Stable cell populations expressing T-BIV_(RBD) activated an LTR-BTAR-GFP reporter about 7-9 fold but not an LTR-HTAR-GFP reporter. The Tat_(AD)-U2AF65-expressing population weakly activated an LTR-BPS-GFP reporter, through its polypyrimidine tract (PPT) binding site [9]. This weak activity likely reflected the generally lower activation observed with the U2AF65-PPT interaction [9] and, probably, the low transfection efficiency of the SupT1 cells. Thus, expression of each Tat or Tat-fusion protein could be confirmed by RT-PCR and functional assays, but expression levels generally appeared low, as expected for a stable cell population transduced by a retrovirus but not clonally selected [10]. Weak expression was further confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis using an anti-Tat antibody where expression was virtually undetectable (data not shown).

We also estimated the activities of the integrated dominant negatives in the SupT1 cell lines using functional assays. Cells were co-transfected with a fixed amount of the LTR-HTAR-FFL or LTR-BTAR-FFL reporter and varying concentrations of the corresponding Tat activator and levels of inhibition were measured. For example, SupT1 cells expressing T-U2AF65 and T-BIV_(RBD)-U2AF65 were co-transfected with the LTR-HTAR-FFL reporter and HIV Tat, and no significant activation was observed at low levels (0.1-1 ng) of transfected activator (FIG. 9 a). Significant activation was observed with higher (5-20 ng) plasmid amounts, further confirming that the cell lines do not express very large amount of protein and consequently do not block Tat activity completely. It seems probable that more highly expressing dominant negative cell lines can be identified through cloning that would result in even more effective viral inhibition than observed (FIG. 4).

Example 11 Lack of Dominant Negative Activity on Cellular Promoters

Transcriptional squelching has been described for many dominant negative transcription factors, such as yeast Gal4, and herpes simplex virus VP16, where common components of the transcriptional apparatus become “titrated of” of promoters[11,12]. Typically, these dominant negatives are rather promiscuous because the target co-activators do not need to be bound to the specific promoter. For HIV Tat, for example, it has been shown that Tat over-expression leads to decreased transcription from an MHC class II promoter, because both Tat and the class II transactivator (CIITA) require P-TEFb to function [13]. Because the Tat dominant negatives described here apparently operate via co-transcriptional recruitment to the HIV promoter, we suspected that they might display promoter specificity, unlike the more traditional dominant negatives. Reporter experiments show that T-U2AF65 has specificity for the HIV promoter versus other P-TEFb-regulated promoters (FIG. 1). To further analyze promoter specificity, we compared the relative expression levels of nine endogenous transcripts in the SupT1-Tat_(AD) (non-inhibitor)- and SupT1-T-U2AF65 (inhibitor)-expressing stable cell lines using quantitative RT-PCR and observed no significant differences in RNA levels from any of these promoters (FIG. 9 b). The tested genes encode housekeeping proteins (actin, GAPDH, HPRT1), regulatory factors (TBP, hnRNPA1, EEF1G), and include an MHC class II (HLA-DQA1) and two other P-TEFb regulated genes (IL-8 and AR)[14]. Thus, whereas expression of T-U2AF65 effectively blocks Tat activation and HIV replication, it shows no significant effect on cellular promoters.

Example 12 Virus Emerging from the Dominant-Negative-Induced Latency-Like State Behaves as the Original Stock

We observed that virus eventually emerged after 18-20 days in the inhibitor-containing cell lines but with low replication kinetics and reaching a low steady-state plateau of p24 expression (FIG. 4). No mutations were found in these emergent viruses in the LTR or Tat coding region (data not shown), suggesting the cellular expression of the dominant negative inhibitor continuously suppressed replication. To test this, we harvested viruses that emerged after 30 days and performed a re-infection experiment to compare the kinetics of the original and emergent viruses. Indeed, identical growth kinetics were observed when the initial or new viral stocks were used to infect the SupT1-T-U2AF65 inhibitor cell line, reaching the same chronic p24-expressing plateau, whereas rapid growth was observed for both stocks in the SupT1-Tat_(AD) control cells (FIG. 10). As expected, inhibitor-expressing cells infected at a high m.o.i. (10 versus 1) showed a cytopathic effect, although again slower replication kinetics was observed than in the control cells (data not shown). Thus, even with low inhibitor expression and a high m.o.i. some protective effect still is seen, highlighting the efficacy of the inhibitor and the balance between activator and inhibitor observed upon transfection of the SupT1 cell lines (FIG. 9 a).

Conclusions

The potent Tat dominant negative inhibitors described in this work represent a new mechanistic class in which we hypothesize that a transcription factor AD is efficiently recruited to its promoter via a tethering signal, in this case an RS domain, among other specific contacts with the transcriptional apparatus. Unlike other dominant negatives, these Tat inhibitors function at stoichiometric or even sub-stoichiometric levels and do not require the considerable over-expression typically required for squelching or other simple competition mechanisms^(1,19). We speculate that their specificity and potency is imposed by localization, first at the sub-cellular and sub-nuclear levels and second by efficient recruitment to the promoter. Ptashne and Gann proposed the concept of “regulated localization”, where specificity typically is imposed by simple binding interactions between a locator, the transcriptional machinery, and the DNA²⁰. We propose that combining localization functions within a single polypeptide can substantially enhance activity. In the case of the T-U2AF65 inhibitor, it appears that the Tat AD provides the dominant negative function, in part through interactions with P-TEFb at the HIV promoter, while the RS domain, provides additional localization and timing functions utilizing co-transcriptional mechanisms that RNA-processing factors, including SR proteins, use to load into transcription complexes^(10,11). This hypothesis is supported by the observations that RS-domain-containing proteins localize to sub-nuclear speckles, which are thought to anchor splicing factors to the nuclear matrix and facilitate assembly with RNAP II,²¹ and that Tat and P-TEFb co-localize to nuclear speckles²². It remains to be determined if other transcription factors, including those that do not function at the elongation step, can be efficiently localized and assembled into transcription complexes in a similar manner, and if other types of targeting domains may be used.

HIV replication is substantially inhibited by low-level expression of the dominant negative in stable cell lines (FIG. 4), even without optimizing and selecting for lines with high activity (FIG. 9). It is interesting that these cells establish a chronic infection without cytopathic effects, reminiscent of other cellular environments that may resemble latent stages of HIV infection²³. The balance of Tat clearly affects viral replication rates²⁴ and also can drive phenotypic diversity²⁵, and here we show that expression of the dominant negative provides another means to alter the Tat balance. Other dominant negative HIV proteins have been used to suppress HIV replication, including the nuclear export-deficient Rev M10 mutant²⁶, but resistance mutations have been found²⁷ and relatively high expression levels are required for inhibition despite the oligomeric nature of Rev^(27,28). It will be interesting to examine mechanisms by which resistance to the Tat dominant negative might arise and to evaluate its therapeutic potential.

Methods and Materials

Transcriptional Activation and Inhibition Reporter Assays

HeLa cells were transfected with GFP or firefly luciferase (FFL) reporter plasmids (typically 25 ng), appropriate amounts of Tat activator and inhibitor plasmids, and 5 ng of a CMV-Renilla luciferase (RL) plasmid using the Polyfect lipid transfection reagent (Qiagen) in a 48-well format. Reporter activity was measured 48 hr post-transfection using a Becton-Dickinson FACS Calibur (FIG. 1 a) or Dual-Glo luciferase assay (Promega). All LTR reporter plasmids used contained an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) upstream of the FFL gene to ensure efficient translation irrespective of the 5′UTR sequence used, and RL activity was used to normalize for transfection efficiencies. For experiments presented in FIG. 2, cells were transfected with 10 ng of activator and 2.5 or 10 ng of Tat-fusion plasmids. All activation assays were performed in triplicate, and error bars'represent the SD of the mean.

Microsopy

HeLa or stably-integrated HeLa LTR-RREIIB-FFL cells were grown to 50% confluence on glass cover slips, transfected with 100 ng of plasmid DNAs, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 1× PBS buffer (pH 7.6) 24 hr post-transfection, rinsed twice with PBS, and permeabilized with PBS-Triton 0.5% for 10 min at 4° C. Nonspecific antibody sites were blocked in 1× PBS, 3% goat serum, and 4% BSA for 1 hr at room temperature, cells were incubated with primary antibodies for 1 hr at room temperature, washed three times with PBS, incubated with appropriate Alexa 488- or Alexa 546-coupled secondary antibodies (Molecular Probes) for 1 hr at room temperature, and washed three times with PBS. Cells were mounted on DAPI-containing Vecta-shield slides (Vector Labs). Light microscopy was done using an LSM510 confocal microscope (Zeiss) and images were processed using LSM (Zeiss) software.

Co-Immunoprecipitation

To examine association of dominant negative inhibitors with RNAP II, HeLa cells were transiently transfected with T-U2AF65-GFP, T(K41A)-U2AF65-GFP, or T-NLS-GFP, and nuclear extracts were prepared with RIPA buffer. Half of the extract was used directly for the immunoprecipitation and the remaining half was treated with 1 μg of RNAse A, which was sufficient to quantitatively digest the RNA from 10⁶ HeLa cells. RNAP II was immunoprecipitated using agarose-conjugated to 8WG16 and H14 antibodies overnight at 4° C. with mild shaking. Similarly, GFP-tagged proteins were immunoprecipitated using agarose-conjugated GFP-antibodies. After centrifuging and washing the beads immunocomplexes were dissociated by boiling for 10 min in 2× gel loading buffer, samples were separated by 10% SDSPAGE, transferred to PVDF, and analyzed by Western blot.

RNase Protection Assay

HeLa cells were transfected with the pLTR-HTAR-FFL reporter alone or with activator and inhibitor-expressing plasmids, total RNA was extracted using TRIzol (Invitrogen), and 15 μg of each sample was hybridized with proximal and distal probes corresponding to HIV promoter and luciferase ORF regions, respectively. The antisense probes were synthesized using a T3/T7 MaxiScript kit (Ambion) from plasmid templates linearized at a KpnI site, hybridization was performed with approximately 10,000 cpm of ³²P-CTP-labeled probe (in 80% formamide, 40 mM PIPES, 400 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA) incubated at 42° C. overnight, RNase digestion was performed for 1.5 hr at 30° C. (in 10 mM Tris pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 11 units/ml of RNase A, 11 units/ml RNase T1), samples were treated with proteinase K, extracted with phenol/chloroform, and RNA duplexes were precipitated with ethanol and glycogen carrier. RNAs were separated on a 6% polyacrylamide/8 M urea gel and visualized and quantified using a Typhoon phosphorimager (Molecular Dynamics). Experiments were performed in duplicate, with errors bars representing the SD of the mean.

Selection of a HeLA LTR-RREIIB-FFL Reporter Cell Line and ChIP Assays

HeLa cells were transfected in 6-well plates with a pcDNA3.1-derived plasmid (Invitrogen) bearing the LTR-RREIIB-FFL using Polyfect reagent (Qiagen). Clones were selected over more than four weeks in D-MEM-10% FBS supplemented with 750 μg/ml of G418 (Gibco). Twenty clones were analyzed for activation by pSV-T-Rev-HA by luciferase assays and a single highly active clone was chosen for ChIP analyses. ChIP assays were performed as described²⁹ with minor modifications. HeLa LTR-RREIIB-FFL reporter cells were transfected with various expressor plasmids (5 μg each) using 30 μl of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) per 25 cm culture dish, incubated for 36 hr, and washed in PBS. Chromatin was cross-linked with 1% formaldehyde for 15 min at RT and the reaction stopped by adding glycine to 125 mM. Cells were washed with PBS and harvested in RIPA buffer, and samples were sonicated to generate DNA fragments <500 bp. For immuno-precipitations, 1 mg of protein extract was pre-cleared for 2 hr with 40 μl of a 50% slurry of 50:50 protein A/G-agarose and -then incubated with protein A/G-agarose and the appropriate antibodies overnight at 4° C. preblocked with 1 mg/ml and 0.3 mg/ml of salmon sperm DNA. Immunocomplexes were recovered using anti-rabbit IgG/protein A/G-agarose beads (Santa Cruz), beads were washed twice with RIPA buffer, four times with ChIP wash buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5, 500 mM LiCL, 1% v/v Nonidet P-40, 1% w/v deoxycholic acid), twice with RIPA buffer, and twice with 1× TE buffer. Immunocomplexes were eluted in 1% SDS for 10 min at 65° C. and cross-linking was reversed by adjusting to 200 mM NaCl and incubating for 5 hr at 65° C. A fraction of purified DNA was used for PCR amplification, with 25-32 cycles performed in the exponential range depending on the particular primers and antibodies. To ensure linearity, control PCR reactions were performed for one cycle using twice and half the amount of sample. PCR products (100-250 bp) were quantified by incorporation of SyBr Green and fluorescence detection (MJ Research) and by visualization on 2% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide, using PCR products from known input DNAs as standards and IQMac 1.2 for analysis. Primer sequences are provided in Supplementary Information.

Dominant Negative-Expressing SupT1 Cells and Viral Replication Kinetics.

Plasmids expressing Tat_(AD), Tat, T-BIV_(RBD), T-U2AF65, T-HIV_(RBD)-U2AF65, T-BIV_(RBD)-U2AF65, and U2AF65 were constructed in a pBMN retroviral vector (kindly provided by G. Nolan), using an SV40 promoter to express the Tat or Tat-fusion proteins. Plasmids were transfected into ONX packaging cells using the Polyfect reagent, and the retrovirus-containing supernatant recovered after 48 hr was used to transduce human CD4+ SupT1 cells. Populations of stable integrants were selected by growing cells in 2 mg/ml G418 (Invitrogen) for at least 4 weeks. Relative expression levels for each protein were assessed by real-time RT-PCR, transcriptional activation of transfected reporter plasmids and Western bloting (Supplementary Information). Each stable SupT1 population was infected with an HIV Tat-TAR-dependent (R7HTat/HTAR) or BIV Tat-TAR-dependent (R7 HBTat/BTAR) virus¹⁸ at an m.o.i of 1. Supernatant samples were harvested at different intervals following infection and the amount of viral replication was monitored by p24 antigen expression using ELISA (Immuno Diagnostics, Inc.) over a period of 110 days. Each experiment was performed in duplicate and mean values of p24 were calculated.

RNA Isolation and Expression Levels by Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR

Total RNA was isolated from cells using the Trizol reagent according to manufacturer instructions (Invitrogen). Randomly primed cDNA was prepared from 1 μg of total RNA using MMULV reverse transcriptase (New England Biolabs). One twentieth of the resultant cDNA was amplified in 35 μl reactions containing 1.25 units of Taq DNA polymerase (ABI), 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 300 nM of each primer, 0.5 mM dNTP mix, and 0.2× SYBR green I dye (Molecular Probes) in 1× Taq polymerase buffer. Real-time PCR was performed in an Opticon 2 DNA Engine (MJ Research) and analyzed using the Ct method (Applied Biosystems Prism 7700).

Expression Analysis by Western Blot

To more quantitatively assess relative inhibitor and activator expression levels, HeLa cells were co-transfected with 300 ng of pEGFPN3 (Clontech) and either 1.35 μg of pSV2-T-Rev-HA, 1.35 μg pSV2-T-U2AF65-HA, or both plasmids in 6-well plates. Nuclear extracts were prepared using NE-PER reagents (Pierce), samples were separated on a 12.5% SDS-PAGE gel, transferred to nitrocellulose, and probed with anti-HA, anti-GFP, or anti-nucleolin antibodies.

Functional Analysis of Protein Expression and Activity in SupT1 Cell Lines

Stable SupT1 G418-resistant cell populations (3×10⁶ cells) were transfected by electroporation (Bio-Rad, 250V, 0.975 μF) with LTR-HTAR-GFP or LTR-BPS-BTAR-GFP reporters to assess the activities of integrated plasmids expressing Tat or T-fusion proteins. After 48 hours, cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and GFP activity was quantitated using Celquest software (Becton Dickinson). Populations expressing Tat and derivatives were transfected with LTR-HTAR-GFP, populations expressing T-BIV_(RBD) and derivatives were transfected with LTR-BPS-BTAR-GFP, and populations expressing U2AF65 fusions were transfected with LTR-BPS-BTAR-GFP, which contains a BPS and PPT that binds U2AF65 cooperatively with SF1 [9]. For luciferase assays, we used the LTR-HTAR-FFL or LTR-BTAR-FFL reporters and CMV-RL as an internal control for data normalization.

Genomic DNA Extraction from SupT1-Infected Cells and Viral Genome Sequencing

SupT1-T-U2AF65, SupT1-T-BIV_(RBD)-U2AF65, and SupT1-T-HIV_(RBD)-U2AF65 infected populations (about 1×10⁶ cells) were harvested 25 days post-infection and genomic DNA was extracted using Flexigene according to manufacturer instructions (Qiagen). DNA was amplified by PCR using Turbo Pfu (Stratagene), with primer pair specific to regions of the HIV LTR promoter and surrounding Tat coding sequence. PCR-amplified DNA was gel purified (Qiagen) and cloned into a TOPO vector (Invitrogen). Eight clones from each cell population were sequenced, and sequences were compared to the original viral isolate, HXB2, using the NCBI BLAST algorithm.

SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES

-   1. Carol, R. et al., J Virol, 66:2000-7 (1992). -   2. Gren, M. et al., Cell, 58:215-23 (1989). -   3. Pearson, L. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87:5079-83 (1990). -   4. Caputo, A. et al., Gene Ther, 3:235-45 (1996). -   5. McCracken, S. et al., Nature, 385:357-61 (1997). -   6. Fong, N. & Bentley, D. L., Gene Dev, 15:1783-95 (2001). -   7. Fraisier, C. et al., Gene Ther 5:946-54 (1998). -   8. Raha, T. et al., PLoS Biol, 3:e44 (2005). -   9. Peled-Zehavi et al., Mol Cell Biol, 21:5232-41 (2001). -   10. Hamm, T. E. et al., J Virol, 73:5741-7 (1999). -   11. Hope, I. A. & Struhl, K., Cell, 46:885-94 (1986). -   12. Friedman, A. et al., Nature, 335:452-4 (1988). -   13. Kanazawa, S. et al., Immunity, 12:61-70 (2000). -   14. Luecke, H. F. & Yamamoto, K. R., Gene Dev, 19:1116-27 (2005).

TABLE 1 Nuclear localized proteins Last updated: 2006 Feb. 26 nucleus Accession: GO:0005634 Ontology: cellular_component Synonyms: None Definition: A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. Comment: None Term Lineage Graphical View all: all (<167657) GO:0005575: cellular_component (<105038) GO:0005623: cell (<75863) GO:0005622: intracellular (<61387) GO:0043229: intracellular organelle (<55495) GO:0043231: intracellular membrane-bound organelle (<51579) GO:0005634: nucleus (<10723) GO:0005634: nucleus (<10723) GO:0043226: organelle (<55511) GO:0043229: intracellular organelle (<55495) GO:0043231: intracellular membrane-bound organelle (<51579) GO:0005634: nucleus (<10723) GO:0043227: membrane-bound organelle (<51596) GO:0043231: intracellular membrane-bound organelle (<51579) GO:0005634: nucleus (<10723) External References InterPro (333) MIPS_funcat (1) Pfam (221) PRINTS (94) ProDom (25) PROSITE (99) SMART (46) SP_KW (1) TIGR_role (1) All Gene Product Associations (1790 results) Get ALL associations here: Direct Associations All Associations All Associations With Terms Filter Associations Datasource AllFlyBaseSGDMGIgenedb_spombeUniProtTAIRdictyBaseWorm- baseEnsemblRGDTIGR_CMRTIGRFAMSTIGR_Ath1TIGR_Tba1- Gramenegenedb_tsetsegenedb_tbruceigenedb_pfalciparumgenedb_lmajor- ZFIN Evidence Code All Curator ApprovedICIMPIGIIPIISSIDAIEPTASNAS Species All A. japonica A. niger A. platyrhynchos A. thaliana A. trivirgatus B. anthracis str. Am B. coronavirus B. indicus B. mori B. taurus C. aethiops C. albicans C. briggsae C. burnetii RSA 493 C. carpio C. elegans C. familiaris C. griseus C. jacchus C. jejuni RM1221 C. porcellus C. torquatus atys D. discoideum D. erecta D. ethenogenes 195 D. mauritiana D. melanogaster D. pseudoobscura D. rerio D. sechellia D. simulans D. sp. D. virilis D. yakuba E. caballus F. catus G. gallus G. gorilla G. gorilla gorilla G. sulfurreducens PCH. lar H. sapiens L. major L. monocytogenes str M. auratus M. capsulatus str. B M. fascicularis M. fuscata fuscata M. monax M. mulatta M. musculus M. musculus castaneu M. musculus domestic M. musculus molossin M. musculus musculus M. natalensis M. nemestrina M. parviflora M. unguiculatus O. aries O. cuniculus O. kitabensis O. longistaminata O. mykiss O. nivara O. officinalis O. sativa O. sativa (indica cu O. sativa (japonica O. vulgaris P. anubis P. falciparum P. monodon P. pygmaeus P. sativum P. syringae pv. toma P. syringae pv. toma P. troglodytes Panicum R. norvegicus R. sp. S. cerevisiae S. coronavirus S. oedipus S. oneidensis S. oneidensis MR-1 S. pombe S. pomeroyi DSS-3 S. sciureus S. scrofa S. sp. PCC 6803 T. brucei T. brucei TREU927 T. cambridgei T. vulpecula V. arvensis V. cholerae O1 biova V. odorata X. laevis X. tropicalis

Symbol Evi- Refer- Qualifier Sequence/GOst Information Source dence ence 2A5D HUMAN Splice Isoform Delta-1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 8703017 Serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A, 56 kDa regulatory subunit, delta isoform, protein from Homo sapiens 2A5G HUMAN Splice Isoform Gamma-3 UniProt IDA PMID: 8703017 of Serine/threonine Protein phosphatase 2A, 56 kDa regulatory subunit, gamma isoform, protein from Homo sapiens 2AAA HUMAN Serine/threonine protein UniProt NAS PMID: 11007961 phosphatase 2A, 65 kDa regulatory subunit A, alpha isoform, protein from Homo sapiens 2AAB HUMAN Serine/threonine protein UniProt ISS UniProt: P30154 phosphatase 2A, 65 kDa regulatory subunit A, beta isoform, protein from Homo sapiens 2ACC HUMAN Protein phosphatase 2, UniProt TAS PMID: 10629059 regulatory subunit B″, isoform 1, protein from Homo sapiens 4ET HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10856257 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E transporter, protein from Homo sapiens AATF HUMAN Protein AATF, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 12429849 from Homo sapiens AB2BP HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 10833507 Amyloid beta A4 protein- binding family A member 2-binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens ABCCD HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9NSE7 Putative ATP-binding cassette transporter C13, protein from Homo sapiens ABL1 HUMAN Splice Isoform IA of UniProt NAS PMID: 8242749 Proto-oncogene tyrosine- protein kinase ABL1, protein from Homo sapiens ACINU HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10490026 Apoptotic chromatin condensation inducer in the nucleus, protein from Homo sapiens ACL6B HUMAN Actin-like protein 6B, UniProt IDA PMID: 10380635 protein from Homo sapiens ACTN4 HUMAN Alpha-actinin 4, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9508771 from Homo sapiens ADA10 HUMAN ADAM 10 precursor, UniProt ISS UniProt: O14672 protein from Homo sapiens ADA2 HUMAN Transcriptional adapter 2- UniProt TAS PMID: 8552087 like, protein from Homo sapiens AF9 HUMAN Protein AF-9, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 8506309 from Homo sapiens AFF3 HUMAN AF4/FMR2 family member UniProt TAS PMID: 8555498 3, protein from Homo sapiens AHNK HUMAN Neuroblast differentiation- UniProt NAS PMID: 1608957 associated protein AHNAK, protein from Homo sapiens AHR HUMAN Aryl hydrocarbon receptor UniProt IDA PMID: 10395741 precursor, protein from Homo sapiens AIF1 HUMAN Allograft inflammatory UniProt TAS PMID: 9614071 factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens AIPL1 HUMAN Aryl-hydrocarbon- UniProt IDA PMID: 12374762 interacting protein-like 1, protein from Homo sapiens AIRE HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 9398840 Autoimmune regulator, protein from Homo sapiens AKAP8 HUMAN A-kinase anchor protein 8, UniProt TAS PMID: 9473338 protein from Homo sapiens AKIP HUMAN Aurora kinase A-interacting UniProt IDA PMID: 12244051 protein, protein from Homo sapiens AKP8L HUMAN A-kinase anchor protein- UniProt TAS PMID: 10761695 like protein 8, protein from Homo sapiens ALP HUMAN N-acetyltransferase-like UniProt NAS PMID: 11214970 protein, protein from Homo sapiens ALX4 HUMAN Homeobox protein UniProt NAS PMID: 11137991 aristaless-like 4, protein from Homo sapiens AN32A HUMAN Acidic leucine-rich UniProt IDA PMID: 11555662 nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A, protein from Homo sapiens AN32E HUMAN Acidic leucine-rich UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9BTT0 nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member E, protein from Homo sapiens ANDR HUMAN Androgen receptor, UniProt IDA PMID: 15572661 protein from Homo sapiens ANKR2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Ankyrin UniProt ISS PMID: 1204005 repeat domain protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens ANM1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Protein UniProt IDA PMID: 10749851 arginine N-methyltransferase 1, protein from Homo sapiens ANM2 HUMAN Protein arginine N- UniProt TAS PMID: 9545638 methyltransferase 2, protein from Homo sapiens AP2A HUMAN OTTHUMP00000016011, UniProt TAS PMID: 8321221 protein from Homo sapiens APBB1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS UniProt: O00213 Amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1, protein from Homo sapiens ISS UniProt: Q96A93 APBB2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS UniProt: Q92870 Amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 2, protein from Homo sapiens APBP2 HUMAN Amyloid protein-binding UniProt NAS PMID: 11742091 protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens APC HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt IDA PMID: 12072559 Adenomatous polyposis coli protein, protein from Homo sapiens APEG1 HUMAN Hypothetical protein UniProt TAS PMID: 8663449 FLJ46856, protein from Homo sapiens APEX1 HUMAN DNA-(apurinic or UniProt IDA PMID: 9119221 apyrimidinic site) lyase, protein from Homo sapiens APLP2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 7702756 Amyloid-like protein 2 precursor, protein from Homo sapiens ARD1H HUMAN N-terminal acetyltransferase UniProt IDA PMID: 15496142 complex ARD1 subunit homolog, protein from Homo sapiens ARI1A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of AT- UniProt NAS UniProt: O14497 rich interactive domain- containing protein 1A, protein from Homo sapiens ARI2 HUMAN Ariadne-2 protein homolog, UniProt TAS PMID: 10422847 protein from Homo sapiens ARI3A HUMAN AT-rich interactive UniProt NAS UniProt: Q99856 domain-containing protein 3A, protein from Homo sapiens ARI4A HUMAN Splice Isoform I of AT- UniProt TAS PMID: 8414517 rich interactive domain- containing protein 4A, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 11283269 ARI5B HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of AT- UniProt IC PMID: 15640446 rich interactive domain- containing protein 5B, protein from Homo sapiens ARL4A HUMAN ADP-ribosylation factor- UniProt TAS PMID: 10462049 like protein 4A, protein from Homo sapiens ARL4C HUMAN ADP ribosylation factor- UniProt TAS PMID: 10462049 like protein 7, protein from Homo sapiens ARNT2 HUMAN Aryl hydrocarbon receptor UniProt IDA PMID: 12239177 nuclear translocator 2, protein from Homo sapiens ARNT HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt TAS PMID: 1317062 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator, protein from Homo sapiens ASCL2 HUMAN Achaete-scute homolog 2, UniProt NAS PMID: 8751384 protein from Homo sapiens ASH2L HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Set1/ UniProt IDA PMID: 15199122 Asb2 histone methyltransferase complex subunit ASH2, protein from Homo sapiens ASPP1 HUMAN Apoptosis stimulating of UniProt IDA PMID: 11684014 p53 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens ATBF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform A of UniProt TAS PMID: 1719379 Alpha-fetoprotein enhancer binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens ATE1 HUMAN Splice Isoform ATE1-1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 9858543 Arginyl-tRNA--protein transferase 1, protein from Homo sapiens ATF4 HUMAN Cyclic AMP-dependent UniProt ISS UniProt: P18848 transcription factor ATF-4, protein from Homo sapiens ATF6B HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Cyclic UniProt TAS PMID: 8586413 AMP-dependent tran- scription factor ATF-6 beta, protein from Homo sapiens ATN1 HUMAN Atropbin-1, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 10814707 Homo sapiens ATRX HUMAN Splice Isoform 4 of UniProt TAS PMID: 7874112 Transcriptional regulator ATRX, protein from Homo sapiens ATX1 HUMAN Ataxin-1, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 7647801 Homo sapiens ATX2 HUMAN AtAxin 2, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 10973246 Homo sapiens ATX7 HUMAN Splice Isoform a of Ataxin- UniProt TAS PMID: 10441328 7, protein from Homo sapiens AURKC HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10066797 Serine/threonine-protein kinase 13, protein from Homo sapiens AXN1 HUMAN Axin 1, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 12072559 Homo sapiens AXN2 HUMAN Axin-2, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 12072559 Homo sapiens BAP1 HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl- UniProt TAS PMID: 9528852 terminal hydrolase BAP1, protein from Homo sapiens BARD1 HUMAN BRCA1-associated RING UniProt IMP PMID: 15632137 domain protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 15265711 BAZ1B HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 11124022 Bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain protein 1B, protein from Homo sapiens BC11A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of B-cell UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9H165 lymphoma/leukemia 11A, protein from Homo sapiens BCL6 HUMAN B-cell lymphoma 6 protein, UniProt IDA PMID: 10898795 protein from Homo sapiens BCLF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Bcl-2- UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9NYF8 associated transcription factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens BCOR HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of BCoR UniProt IDA PMID: 10898795 protein, protein from Homo sapiens BHLH2 HUMAN Class B basic helix-loop- UniProt NAS PMID: 9240428 helix protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens BHLH3 HUMAN Class B basic helix-loop- UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9C0J9 helix protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens BI1 HUMAN Bax inhibitor-1, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 8530040 from Homo sapiens BINCA HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Bcl10- UniProt NAS PMID: 15637807 interacting CARD protein, protein from Homo sapiens BLMH HUMAN Bleomycin hydrolase, UniProt TAS PMID: 8639621 protein from Homo sapiens BNC1 HUMAN Zinc finger protein UniProt TAS PMID: 8034748 basonuclin-1, protein from Homo sapiens BNIPL HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Bcl- UniProt IDA PMID: 11741952 2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa- interacting protein 2-like protein, protein from Homo sapiens BRCA1 HUMAN Breast cancer type 1 UniProt TAS PMID: 10918303 susceptibility protein, protein from Homo sapiens BRCA2 HUMAN Breast cancer type 2 UniProt IDA PMID: 9560268 susceptibility protein, protein from Homo sapiens BRD1 HUMAN Bromodomain-containing UniProt TAS PMID: 10602503 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens BRD3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS UniProt: Q15059 Bromodomain-containing protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens BRD8 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 8611617 Bromodomain-containing protein 8, protein from Homo sapiens BRPF1 HUMAN Peregrin, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 7906940 Homo sapiens BRSK1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of BR UniProt IDA PMID: 15150265 serine/threonine-protein kinase 1, protein from Homo sapiens BSN HUMAN Bassoon protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9806829 from Homo sapiens BT3L2 HUMAN Transcription factor BTF3 UniProt NAS UniProt: Q13891 homolog 2, protein from Homo sapiens BT3L3 HUMAN Transcription factor BTF3 UniProt NAS UniProt: Q13892 homolog 3, protein from Homo sapiens BTAF1 HUMAN TATA-binding-protein- UniProt NAS UniProt: O14981 associated factor 172, protein from Homo sapiens BTG1 HUMAN BTG1 protein, protein UniProt IMP PMID: 11420681 from Homo sapiens IEP PMID: 9820826 CABIN HUMAN Calcineurin-binding protein UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y6J0 Cabin 1, protein from Homo sapiens CAF1B HUMAN Chromatin assembly factor UniProt NAS PMID: 9614144 1 subunit B, protein from Homo sapiens CARM1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 15221992 Histone-arginine methyltransferase CARM1, protein from Homo sapiens CASC5 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10980622 Cancer susceptibility candidate gene 5 protein, protein from Homo sapiens CASL HUMAN Enhancer of filamentation UniProt TAS PMID: 8668148 1, protein from Homo sapiens CBP HUMAN CREB-binding protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 7913207 protein from Homo sapiens CBX2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS UniProt: Q14781 Chromobox protein homolog 2, protein from Homo sapiens CBX3 HUMAN Chromobox protein homolog UniProt TAS PMID: 8663349 3, protein from Homo sapiens CBX4 HUMAN Chromobox homolog 4, UniProt TAS PMID: 9315667 protein from Homo sapiens CC14A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Dual UniProt TAS PMID: 9367992 specificity protein phosphatase CDC14A, protein from Homo sapiens CC14B HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of Dual UniProt IDA PMID: 9367992 specificity protein phosphatase CDC14B, protein from Homo sapiens CC45L HUMAN CDC45-related protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 9660782 protein from Homo sapiens CCNE1 HUMAN Splice Isoform E1L of UniProt NAS UniProt: P24864 G1/S-specific cyclin-E1, protein from Homo sapiens CCNH HUMAN Cyclin-H, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 7936635 Homo sapiens CCP1 HUMAN Calcipressin 1 large isoform, UniProt TAS PMID: 8595418 protein from Homo sapiens CD2A1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Cyclin- UniProt NR UniProt: P42771 dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, isoforms 1/2/3, protein from Homo sapiens CD2L1 HUMAN Splice Isoform SV9 of UniProt IEP PMID: 8195233 PITSLRE serine/threonine-protein kinase CDC2L1, protein from Homo sapiens CD2L2 HUMAN Splice Isoform SV6 of UniProt IEP PMID: 8195233 PITSLRE serine/threonine-protein kinase CDC2L2, protein from Homo sapiens CD2L7 HUMAN Cell division cycle 2-related UniProt IDA PMID: 11683387 protein kinase 7, protein from Homo sapiens CDC2 HUMAN Hypothetical protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10767298 DKFZp686L20222, protein from Homo sapiens CDC6 HUMAN Cell division control protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9566895 6 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens CDC7 HUMAN Cell division cycle 7- UniProt TAS PMID: 9250678 related protein kinase, protein from Homo sapiens CDCA5 HUMAN Sororin, protein from UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96FF9 Homo sapiens CDK1 HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase UniProt TAS PMID: 9506968 2-associated protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens CDK2 HUMAN Cell division protein kinase UniProt TAS PMID: 10767298 2, protein from Homo sapiens CDK5 HUMAN Cell division protein kinase UniProt ISS UNIPROT: Q00535 5, protein from Homo sapiens CDK7 HUMAN Cell division protein kinase UniProt TAS PMID: 7936635 7, protein from Homo sapiens CDK9 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Cell UniProt TAS PMID: 8170997 division protein kinase 9, protein from Homo sapiens CDN1A HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase UniProt TAS PMID: 9660939 inhibitor 1, protein from Homo sapiens CDN1B HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase UniProt IDA PMID: 12093740 inhibitor 1B, protein from Homo sapiens CDN2C HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 UniProt NR UniProt: P42773 inhibitor, protein from Homo sapiens CDN2D HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 UniProt TAS PMID: 8741839 inhibitor D, protein from Homo sapiens CDR2 HUMAN Cerebellar degeneration- UniProt NAS UniProt: Q13977 related protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens CDT1 HUMAN DNA replication factor Cdt1, UniProt IDA PMID: 11125146 protein from Homo sapiens CEBPA HUMAN CCAAT/enhancer binding UniProt NAS PMID: 7575576 protein alpha, protein from Homo sapiens CEBPB HUMAN CCAAT/enhancer binding UniProt TAS PMID: 10821850 protein beta, protein from Homo sapiens CEBPG HUMAN CCAAT/enhancer binding UniProt ISS PMID: 7501458 protein gamma, protein from Homo sapiens CEBPZ HUMAN CCAAT/enhancer binding UniProt TAS PMID: 2247079 protein zeta, protein from Homo sapiens CENA1 HUMAN Centaurin-alpha 1, UniProt IDA PMID: 10448098 protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 10333475 CENG1 HUMAN Centaurin-gamma 1, UniProt ISS PMID: 11136977 protein from Homo sapiens CENPA HUMAN Centromere protein A, UniProt TAS PMID: 7962047 protein from Homo sapiens CENPE HUMAN Centromere protein E, UniProt IMP PMID: 9763420 protein from Homo sapiens CEZ1 HUMAN Zinc finger protein CeZanne, UniProt IDA PMID: 11463333 protein from Homo sapiens CHD6 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 12592387 Chromodomain-helicase- DNA-binding protein 6, protein from Homo sapiens CHD8 HUMAN Chromodomain-helicase- UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9HCK8 DNA-binding protein 8, protein from Homo sapiens CHK2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS UniProt: O96017 Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2, protein from Homo sapiens CITE2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of UniProt NAS PMID: 10552932 Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator 2, protein from Homo sapiens CIZ1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Cip1- UniProt TAS PMID: 10529385 interacting zinc finger protein, protein from Homo sapiens CK001 HUMAN Protein C11orf1, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 10873569 from Homo sapiens CLAT HUMAN Splice Isoform M of UniProt TAS PMID: 10861222 Choline O-acetyltransferase, protein from Homo sapiens CLIC2 HUMAN Chloride intracellular UniProt TAS PMID: 16130169 channel protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens CLIC3 HUMAN Chloride intracellular UniProt IDA PMID: 9880541 channel protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens CN004 HUMAN Protein C14orf4, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 11095982 from Homo sapiens CND1 HUMAN Condensin complex subunit UniProt NAS PMID: 10958694 1, protein from Homo sapiens CND3 HUMAN Condensin complex subunit UniProt NAS PMID: 10910072 3, protein from Homo sapiens CNOT2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 10637334 CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 2, protein from Homo sapiens CNOT7 HUMAN CCR4-NOT transcription UniProt IEP PMID: 9820826 complex subunit 7, protein from Homo sapiens CNOT8 HUMAN CCR4-NOT transcription UniProt NAS PMID: 10036195 complex subunit 8, protein from Homo sapiens COF1 HUMAN Cofilin, non-muscle isoform, UniProt TAS PMID: 16130169 protein from Homo sapiens COT2 HUMAN COUP transcription factor UniProt TAS PMID: 1899293 2, protein from Homo sapiens CREB1 HUMAN Splice Isoform CREB-A UniProt TAS PMID: 10909971 of cAMP response element binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens CREB3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Cyclic UniProt NAS PMID: 9271389 AMP-responsive element binding protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens CREB5 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of cAMP UniProt IC PMID: 8378084 response element-binding protein 5, protein from Homo sapiens CREM HUMAN CAMP responsive element UniProt NAS UniProt: Q16114 modulator, protein from Homo sapiens CRK HUMAN Splice Isoform Crk-II of UniProt TAS PMID: 10748058 Proto-oncogene C-crk, protein from Homo sapiens CRNL1 HUMAN Crn, crooked neck-like 1, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9BZI9 protein from Homo sapiens CRSP2 HUMAN CRSP complex subunit 2, UniProt IDA PMID: 10235267 protein from Homo sapiens CRSP6 HUMAN CRSP complex subunit 6, UniProt IDA PMID: 10235267 protein from Homo sapiens CRYAB HUMAN Alpha crystallin B chain, UniProt NR UniProt: P02511 protein from Homo sapiens CSDC2 HUMAN Cold shock domain protein UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y534 C2, protein from Homo sapiens CSE1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Importin- UniProt TAS PMID: 9323134 alpha re-exporter, protein from Homo sapiens CSR2B HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IPI PMID: 10924333 Cysteine-rich protein 2 binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens CSRP2 HUMAN Cysteine and glycine-rich UniProt NAS PMID: 96215313 protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens CSTF1 HUMAN Cleavage stimulation UniProt TAS PMID: 1358884 factor, 50 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens CSTF2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 1741396 Cleavage stimulation factor, 64 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens CSTF3 HUMAN Cleavage stimulation UniProt TAS PMID: 7984242 factor, 77 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens CTCF HUMAN Transcriptional repressor UniProt IDA PMID: 9407128 CTCF, protein from Homo sapiens CTDS1 HUMAN Carboxy-terminal domain UniProt TAS PMID: 10967134 RNA polymerase II polypeptide A small phosphatase 1, protein from Homo sapiens CTNB1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Beta- UniProt TAS PMID: 9065401 catenin, protein from Homo sapiens CTND1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1ABC of UniProt NAS PMID: 98317528 Catenin delta-1, protein from Homo sapiens CUGB1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of CUG UniProt NAS PMID: 10893231 triplet repeat RNA- binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens CUTL2 HUMAN Homeobox protein cut-like UniProt NAS UniProt: O14529 2, protein from Homo sapiens CX4NB HUMAN Neighbor of COX4, UniProt TAS PMID: 10337626 protein from Homo sapiens CXCC1 HUMAN CpG binding protein, UniProt IDA PMID: 10688657 protein from Homo sapiens DAPK3 HUMAN Death-associated protein UniProt ISS UniProt: O43293 kinase 3, protein from Homo sapiens DAXX HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Death UniProt IDA PMID: 15572661 domain-associated protein 6, protein from Homo sapiens DCTN4 HUMAN Dynactin subunit 4, UniProt TAS PMID: 10671518 protein from Homo sapiens DDX17 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 8871553 Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX17, protein from Homo sapiens DDX39 HUMAN ATP-dependent RNA UniProt ISS PMID: 15047853 helicase DDX39, protein from Homo sapiens DDX3X HUMAN ATP-dependent RNA UniProt IDA PMID: 10329544 helicase DDX3X, protein from Homo sapiens DDX54 HUMAN ATP-dependent RNA UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9BRZ1 helicase DDX54, protein from Homo sapiens DDX5 HUMAN Probable ATP-dependent UniProt NAS PMID: 2451786 RNA helicase DDX5, protein from Homo sapiens DEAF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Deformed UniProt TAS PMID: 9773984 epidermal autoregulatory factor 1 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens DEK HUMAN Protein DEK, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9050861 from Homo sapiens DFFA HUMAN Splice Isoform DFF45 of UniProt IDA PMID: 15572351 DNA fragmentation factor alpha subunit, protein from Homo sapiens DFFB HUMAN Splice Isoform Alpha of UniProt IDA PMID: 15572351 DNA fragmentation factor 40 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens DGC14 HUMAN DGCR14 protein, protein UniProt ISS PMID: 8703114 from Homo sapiens DGCR8 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 15574589 DGCR8 protein, protein from Homo sapiens DGKI HUMAN Diacylglycerol kinase, iota, UniProt TAS PMID: 9830018 protein from Homo sapiens DGKZ HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt TAS PMID: 9716136 Diacylglycerol kinase, zeta, protein from Homo sapiens DHRS2 HUMAN Dehydrogenase/reductase, UniProt TAS PMID: 7556196 protein from Homo sapiens DHX15 HUMAN Putative pre-mRNA splicing UniProt TAS PMID: 9388478 factor ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX15, protein from Homo sapiens DHX16 HUMAN Putative pre-mRNA splicing UniProt TAS PMID: 9547260 factor ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX16, protein from Homo sapiens DHX9 HUMAN DEAH (Asp-Glu-Ala-His) UniProt TAS PMID: 9111062 box polypeptide 9 isoform 1, protein from Homo sapiens DLG7 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of Discs UniProt IDA PMID: 12527899 large homolog 7, protein from Homo sapiens DLX1 HUMAN Homeobox protein DLX- UniProt NAS UniProt: P56177 1, protein from Homo sapiens DMAP1 HUMAN DNA methyltransferase 1- UniProt NAS PMID: 10888872 associated protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens DNJC1 HUMAN DnaJ homolog subfamily UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96KC8 C member 1, protein from Homo sapiens DNL1 HUMAN DNA ligase I, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 8696349 from Homo sapiens DNL3 HUMAN Ligase III, DNA, ATP- UniProt TAS PMID: 7565692 dependent, isoform alpha, protein from Homo sapiens DNL4 HUMAN DNA ligase IV, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 8798671 from Homo sapiens DNM3A HUMAN DNA, protein from Homo UniProt ISS PMID: 12138111 sapiens DNM3B HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA, UniProt TAS PMID: 10433969 protein from Homo sapiens DNM3L HUMAN DNA (cytosine-5)- UniProt NAS PMID: 12202768 methyltransferase 3-like, protein from Homo sapiens DNMT1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA, UniProt TAS PMID: 8940105 protein from Homo sapiens DP13A HUMAN DCC-interacting protein UniProt IDA PMID: 15016378 13 alpha, protein from Homo sapiens DP13B HUMAN DCC-interacting protein UniProt IDA PMID: 15016378 13 beta, protein from Homo sapiens DPF3 HUMAN Zinc-finger protein DPF3, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q92784 protein from Homo sapiens DPOA2 HUMAN DNA polymerase alpha UniProt NAS UniProt: Q14181 subunit B, protein from Homo sapiens DPOD2 HUMAN DNA polymerase delta UniProt TAS PMID: 8530069 subunit 2, protein from Homo sapiens DPOD4 HUMAN DNA polymerase delta UniProt TAS PMID: 10751307 subunit 4, protein from Homo sapiens DPOE3 HUMAN DNA polymerase epsilon UniProt TAS PMID: 10801849 subunit 3, protein from Homo sapiens DPOE4 HUMAN DNA polymerase epsilon UniProt TAS PMID: 10801849 subunit 4, protein from Homo sapiens DPOLA HUMAN DNA polymerase alpha UniProt NAS UniProt: P09884 catalytic subunit, protein from Homo sapiens DPOLL HUMAN DNA polymerase lambda, UniProt NAS PMID: 10982892 protein from Homo sapiens DRBP1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 12220514 Developmentally regulated RNA-binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens DRR1 HUMAN DRR1 protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 10564580 from Homo sapiens DSRAD HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 7565688 Double-stranded RNA- specific adenosine deaminase, protein from Homo sapiens DTBP1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96EV8 Dystrobrevin-binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens DUS10 HUMAN Dual specificity protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10391943 phosphatase 10, protein from Homo sapiens DUS11 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9685386 RNA/RNP complex-1 intereracting phosphatase, protein from Homo sapiens DUS16 HUMAN Dual specificity protein UniProt TAS PMID: 11489891 phosphatase 16, protein from Homo sapiens DUS21 HUMAN Dual specificity protein UniProt IDA PMID: 12408986 phosphatase 21, protein from Homo sapiens DUS2 HUMAN Dual specificity protein UniProt TAS PMID: 8107850 phosphatase 2, protein from Homo sapiens DUS4 HUMAN Dual specificity protein UniProt TAS PMID: 7535768 phosphatase 4, protein from Homo sapiens DUS9 HUMAN Dual specificity protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9030581 phosphatase 9, protein from Homo sapiens DUT HUMAN Splice Isoform DUT-M of UniProt TAS PMID: 8631816 Deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, mitochondrial precursor, protein from Homo sapiens DYR1A HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt IDA PMID: 9748265 Dual specificity tyrosine- phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A, protein from Homo sapiens DYR1B HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Dual UniProt TAS PMID: 9918863 specificity tyrosine- phosphorylation regulated kinase 1B, protein from Homo sapiens DZIP1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt IDA PMID: 15081113 finger protein DZIP1, protein from Homo sapiens ECM29 HUMAN PREDICTED: KIAA0368 UniProt IDA PMID: 15496406 protein, protein from Homo sapiens EDD1 HUMAN Ubiquitin--protein ligase UniProt IDA PMID: 12011095 EDD1, protein from Homo sapiens EDF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10567391 Endothelial differentiation- related factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens EGF HUMAN Pro-epidermal growth UniProt NR UniProt: P01133 factor precursor, protein from Homo sapiens EGFR HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 12828935 Epidermal growth factor receptor precursor, protein from Homo sapiens EGLN2 HUMAN Egl nine homolog 2, UniProt IDA PMID: 11850811 protein from Homo sapiens EHD2 HUMAN Similar to EH-domain UniProt TAS PMID: 10673336 containing protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens EHD3 HUMAN EH-domain containing UniProt TAS PMID: 10673336 protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens EHD4 HUMAN EH-domain containing UniProt TAS PMID: 10673336 protein 4, protein from Homo sapiens EHMT1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of UniProt IC PMID: 12004135 Histone-lysine N- methyltransferase, H3 lysine-9 specific 5, protein from Homo sapiens ELF1 HUMAN ETS-related transcription UniProt NAS UniProt: P32519 factor Elf-1, protein from Homo sapiens ELF2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of ETS- UniProt IC PMID: 14970218 related transcription factor Elf-2, protein from Homo sapiens ELL3 HUMAN RNA polymerase II UniProt IDA PMID: 10882741 elongation factor ELL3, protein from Homo sapiens EMX1 HUMAN Homeobox protein EMX1, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q04741 protein from Homo sapiens EMX2 HUMAN Homeobox protein EMX2, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q04743 protein from Homo sapiens ENC1 HUMAN Ectoderm-neural cortex 1 UniProt TAS PMID: 9566959 protein, protein from Homo sapiens ENL HUMAN ENL protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 8080983 from Homo sapiens EP300 HUMAN E1A-associated protein p300, UniProt IDA PMID: 9194565 protein from Homo sapiens EPC1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Enhancer UniProt IDA PMID: 10976108 of polycomb homolog 1, protein from Homo sapiens ERCC2 HUMAN TFIIH basal transcription UniProt NAS UniProt: P18074 factor complex helicase subunit, protein from Homo sapiens ERCC3 HUMAN TFIIH basal transcription UniProt TAS PMID: 8663148 factor complex helicase XPB subunit, protein from Homo sapiens ERG HUMAN Splice Isoform ERG-2 of UniProt TAS PMID: 8502479 Transcriptional regulator ERG, protein from Homo sapiens ERR1 HUMAN Steroid hormone receptor UniProt TAS PMID: 9286700 ERR1, protein from Homo sapiens ERR3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Estrogen- UniProt ISS UniProt: P62508 related receptor gamma, protein from Homo sapiens ESR2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Estrogen UniProt TAS PMID: 11181953 receptor beta, protein from Homo sapiens ETV3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of ETS UniProt NAS UniProt: P41162 translocation variant 3, protein from Homo sapiens ETV4 HUMAN ETS translocation variant UniProt NAS UniProt: P43268 4, protein from Homo sapiens ETV7 HUMAN Splice Isoform B of UniProt TAS PMID: 10828014 Transcription factor ETV7, protein from Homo sapiens EVI1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS UniProt: Q03112 Ecotropic virus integration 1 site protein, protein from Homo sapiens EVX2 HUMAN Homeobox even-skipped UniProt NAS UniProt: Q03828 homolog protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens EXOS2 HUMAN Exosome complex UniProt TAS PMID: 8600032 exonuclease RRP4, protein from Homo sapiens FA50A HUMAN Protein FAM50A, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9339379 from Homo sapiens FAF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt IDA PMID: 15596450 FAS-associated factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens FALZ HUMAN Fetal Alzheimer antigen, UniProt IDA PMID: 10727212 protein from Homo sapiens FANCA HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Fanconi UniProt TAS PMID: 9398857 anemia group A protein, protein from Homo sapiens FANCC HUMAN Fanconi anemia group C UniProt TAS PMID: 9398857 protein, protein from Homo sapiens FANCE HUMAN Fanconi anemia group E UniProt NAS PMID: 11001585 protein, protein from Homo sapiens FANCJ HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Fanconi UniProt NAS PMID: 11301010 anemia group J protein, protein from Homo sapiens FGF10 HUMAN Fibroblast growth factor 10 UniProt IDA PMID: 11923311 precursor, protein from Homo sapiens FHL2 HUMAN FHL2 isoform 5, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9150430 from Homo sapiens FHOD1 HUMAN FH1/FH2 domain- UniProt TAS PMID: 10352228 containing protein, protein from Homo sapiens FIBP HUMAN Splice Isoform Short of UniProt TAS PMID: 9806903 Acidic fibroblast growth factor intracellular binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens FIZ1 HUMAN Flt3-interacting zinc UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96SL8 finger protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens FMR1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 6 of Fragile UniProt TAS PMID: 8515814 X mental retardation 1 protein, protein from Homo sapiens FOS HUMAN Proto-oncogene protein c- UniProt TAS PMID: 9443941 fos, protein from Homo sapiens FOSL1 HUMAN Fos-related antigen 1, UniProt TAS PMID: 10918580 protein from Homo sapiens FOSL2 HUMAN Fos-related antigen 2, UniProt TAS PMID: 8954781 protein from Homo sapiens FOXC1 HUMAN Forkhead box protein C1, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9BYM1 protein from Homo sapiens FOXD3 HUMAN Forkhead box protein D3, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9UJU5 protein from Homo sapiens FOXD4 HUMAN Forkhead box protein D4, UniProt NAS UniProt: O43638 protein from Homo sapiens FOXE3 HUMAN Forkhead box protein E3, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q13461 protein from Homo sapiens FOXF1 HUMAN Forkhead box protein F1, UniProt TAS PMID: 9722567 protein from Homo sapiens FOXF2 HUMAN Forkhead box protein F2, UniProt TAS PMID: 9722567 protein from Homo sapiens FOXGC HUMAN Forkhead box protein G1C, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q14488 protein from Homo sapiens FOXI1 HUMAN Forkhead box I1 isoForm a, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q12951 protein from Homo sapiens FOXJ1 HUMAN Forkhead box protein J1, UniProt TAS PMID: 9073514 protein from Homo sapiens FOXK2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 1909027 Forkhead box protein K2, protein from Homo sapiens FOXL1 HUMAN Forkhead box protein L1, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q12952 protein from Homo sapiens FOXL2 HUMAN FOXL2, protein from UniProt NAS UniProt: P58012 Homo sapiens FOXN1 HUMAN Forkhead box protein N1, UniProt TAS PMID: 10767081 protein from Homo sapiens FOXO3 HUMAN Forkhead box protein O3A, UniProt TAS PMID: 10102273 protein from Homo sapiens FOXO4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9010221 Putative fork head domain transcription factor AFX1, protein from Homo sapiens FOXP3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9BZS1 Forkhead box protein P3, protein from Homo sapiens FREA HUMAN Forkhead-related UniProt NAS UniProt: O43638 transcription factor 10, protein from Homo sapiens FRK HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase FRK, UniProt TAS PMID: 7696183 protein from Homo sapiens FUBP3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of Far UniProt NAS PMID: 8940189 upstream element-binding protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens FUS HUMAN Fus-like protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 8510758 from Homo sapiens FUSIP HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of FUS- UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96P17 interacting serine- arginine-rich protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens IC PMID: 9774382 FXL10 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of F- UniProt NAS PMID: 10799292 box/LRR-repeat protein 10, protein from Homo sapiens FXR2 HUMAN Fragile X mental retardation UniProt TAS PMID: 10888599 syndrome-related protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens FYB HUMAN Splice Isoform FYB-120 UniProt TAS PMID: 9207119 of FYN-binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens G10 HUMAN G10 protein homolog, UniProt TAS PMID: 7841202 protein from Homo sapiens G3BP HUMAN Ras-GTPase-activating UniProt TAS PMID: 9889278 protein binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens GA45A HUMAN Growth arrest and DNA- UniProt TAS PMID: 7798274 damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha, protein from Homo sapiens GABP2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of GA UniProt TAS PMID: 9016666 binding protein beta chain, protein from Homo sapiens GABPA HUMAN GA binding protein alpha UniProt TAS PMID: 9016666 chain, protein from Homo sapiens GATA1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 2300555 Erythroid transcription factor, protein from Homo sapiens GATA2 HUMAN Endothelial transcription UniProt TAS PMID: 1370462 factor GATA-2, protein from Homo sapiens GATA4 HUMAN Transcription factor GATA-4, UniProt NAS PMID: 12845333 protein from Homo sapiens GCFC HUMAN Splice Isoform A of GC- UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y5B6 rich sequence DNA-binding factor homolog, protein from Homo sapiens GCM1 HUMAN Chorion-specific transcription UniProt TAS PMID: 8962155 factor GCMa, protein from Homo sapiens GCM2 HUMAN Chorion-specific transcription UniProt TAS PMID: 9928992 factor GCMb, protein from Homo sapiens GCR HUMAN Splice Isoform Alpha of UniProt TAS PMID: 9873044 Glucocorticoid receptor, protein from Homo sapiens GLI3 HUMAN Zinc finger protein GLI3, UniProt TAS PMID: 10077605 protein from Homo sapiens GLI4 HUMAN Zinc finger protein GLI4, UniProt NAS UniProt: P10075 protein from Homo sapiens GLIS1 HUMAN Zinc finger protein GLIS1, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8NBF1 protein from Homo sapiens GLIS3 HUMAN Zinc finger protein GLIS3, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8NEA6 protein from Homo sapiens GLRX2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IEP PMID: 11297543 Glutaredoxin-2, mitochondrial precursor, protein from Homo sapiens GMEB1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10386584 Glucocorticoid modulatory element-binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens GMEB2 HUMAN Glucocorticoid modulatory UniProt TAS PMID: 10523663 element-binding protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens GNEFR HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10571079 Guanine nucleotide exchange factor-related protein, protein from Homo sapiens GNL3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9BVP2 Guanine nucleotide binding protein-like 3, protein from Homo sapiens GO45 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 9129147 Golgin 45, protein from Homo sapiens GRAA HUMAN Granzyme A precursor, UniProt TAS PMID: 11909973 protein from Homo sapiens GRAB HUMAN Endogenous granzyme B, UniProt TAS PMID: 11909973 protein from Homo sapiens GRLF1 HUMAN Glucocorticoid receptor DNA UniProt IC PMID: 1894621 bindinG factor 1 isoform b, protein from Homo sapiens GRP78 HUMAN 78 kDa glucose-regulated UniProt IDA PMID: 12665508 protein precursor, protein from Homo sapiens GSC HUMAN Homeobox protein goosecoid, UniProt NAS UniProt: P56915 protein from Homo sapiens GT2D1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of General UniProt NAS PMID: 11438732 transcription factor II-I repeat domain-containing protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens H2AFX HUMAN Histone H2A.x, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 15604234 from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 11331621 HAIR HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 9445480 Hairless protein, protein from Homo sapiens HASP HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IEP PMID: 11228240 Serine/threonine-protein kinase Haspin, protein from Homo sapiens HAT1 HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase UniProt TAS PMID: 9427644 type B catalytic subunit, protein from Homo sapiens HBXAP HUMAN Remodeling and spacing UniProt IDA PMID: 12972596 factoR 1, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 11788598 HCC1 HUMAN Nuclear protein Hcc-1, UniProt NAS PMID: 11356193 protein from Homo sapiens HCFC1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Host UniProt IDA PMID: 7876203 cell factor, protein from Homo sapiens HCFC2 HUMAN Host cell factor 2, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 10196288 from Homo sapiens HDA10 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11861901 Histone deacetylase 10, protein from Homo sapiens HDA11 HUMAN Histone deacetylase 11, UniProt IDA PMID: 11948178 protein from Homo sapiens HDAC1 HUMAN Histone deacetylase 1, UniProt TAS PMID: 12711221 protein from Homo sapiens HDAC2 HUMAN Histone deacetylase 2, UniProt TAS PMID: 12711221 protein from Homo sapiens HDAC3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 12711221 Histone deacetylase 3, protein from Homo sapiens HDAC4 HUMAN Histone deacetylase 4, UniProt NAS UniProt: P56524 protein from Homo sapiens HDAC5 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 12711221 Histone deacetylase 5, protein from Homo sapiens HDAC6 HUMAN Histone deacetylase 6, UniProt NAS UNIPROT: Q9UBN7 protein from Homo sapiens HDAC7 HUMAN Histone deacetylase, UniProt TAS PMID: 12711221 protein from Homo sapiens HDAC9 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UKV0 Histone deacetylase 9, protein from Homo sapiens HDGR3 HUMAN Hepatoma-derived growth UniProt IDA PMID: 10581169 factor-related protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens HD HUMAN Huntingtin, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 9778247 Homo sapiens HELI HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UKS7 finger protein Helios, protein from Homo sapiens HIC1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of Hyper- UniProt NAS UniProt: Q14526 methylated in cancer 1 protein, protein from Homo sapiens HIC2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Hyper- UniProt IEP PMID: 11554746 methylated in cancer 2 protein, protein from Homo sapiens HIF1A HUMAN Hypoxia-inducible factor UniProt IDA PMID: 15261140 1 alpha, protein from Homo sapiens HINT1 HUMAN Histidine triad nucleotide- UniProt TAS PMID: 9770345 binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens HIPK2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 12220523 Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2, protein from Homo sapiens HIPK3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11034606 Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 3, protein from Homo sapiens HIRA HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt TAS PMID: 9710638 HIRA protein, protein from Homo sapiens HIRP3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9710638 HIRA-interacting protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens HKR1 HUMAN Krueppel-related zinc UniProt NAS UniProt: P10072 finger protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens HKR2 HUMAN Krueppel-related zinc UniProt NAS UniProt: P10073 finger protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens HLF HUMAN Hepatic leukemia factor, UniProt TAS PMID: 1386162 protein from Homo sapiens HLXB9 HUMAN Homeobox protein HB9, UniProt NAS UniProt: P50219 protein from Homo sapiens NAS UniProt: Q9Y648 HM20B HUMAN SWI/SNF-related matrix- UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9P0W2 associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1-related, protein from Homo sapiens HM2L1 HUMAN High mobility group UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UGU5 protein 2-like 1, protein from Homo sapiens HMG17 HUMAN Nonhistone chromosomal UniProt NAS UniProt: P05204 protein HMG-17, protein from Homo sapiens HMG1 HUMAN High mobility group UniProt TAS PMID: 16130169 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens HMGN3 HUMAN High mobility group UniProt NAS UniProt: Q15651 nucleosome binding domain 3, protein from Homo sapiens HNF1B HUMAN Splice Isoform A of UniProt TAS PMID: 1677179 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta, protein from Homo sapiens HNF3G HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor UniProt TAS PMID: 7739897 3-gamma, protein from Homo sapiens HNF4A HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor UniProt TAS PMID: 9048927 4 alpHa isoform b, protein from Homo sapiens HNF6 HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UBC0 6, protein from Homo sapiens HNRPD HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 1433497 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0, protein from Homo sapiens HNRPQ HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9847309 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q, protein from Homo sapiens HRX HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt IDA PMID: 11313484 finger protein HRX, protein from Homo sapiens HS74L HUMAN Heat shock 70 kDa UniProt ISS UniProt: O95757 protein 4L, protein from Homo sapiens HSBP1 HUMAN Heat shock factor binding UniProt TAS PMID: 9649501 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens HSP71 HUMAN Heat shock 70 kDa UniProt TAS PMID: 10205060 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens HTRA2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Serine UniProt TAS PMID: 10971580 protease HTRA2, mitochondrial precursor, protein from Homo sapiens HUWE1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS UniProt: Q7Z6Z7 HECT, UBA and WWE domain containing protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens HXA5 HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-A5, UniProt NAS UniProt: P20719 protein from Homo sapiens HXB1 HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-B1, UniProt NAS UniProt: P14653 protein from Homo sapiens HXB4 HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-B4, UniProt NAS UniProt: P17483 protein from Homo sapiens HXB6 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS UniProt: P17509 Homeobox protein Hox-B6, protein from Homo sapiens HXB7 HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-B7, UniProt NAS PMID: 1678287 protein from Homo sapiens HXB8 HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-B8, UniProt NAS UniProt: P17481 protein from Homo sapiens HXB9 HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-B9, UniProt NAS UniProt: P17482 protein from Homo sapiens HXC13 HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-C13, UniProt NAS UniProt: P31276 protein from Homo sapiens HXC4 HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-C4, UniProt NAS UniProt: P09017 protein from Homo sapiens HXC8 HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-C8, UniProt NAS UniProt: P31273 protein from Homo sapiens HXD11 HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-D11, UniProt NAS UniProt: P31277 protein from Homo sapiens HXD4 HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-D4, UniProt NAS UniProt: P09016 protein from Homo sapiens HXD8 HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-D8, UniProt NAS PMID: 2568311 protein from Homo sapiens IASPP HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of RelA- UniProt TAS PMID: 10336463 associated inhibitor, protein from Homo sapiens IF16 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of UniProt IDA PMID: 7536752 Gamma-interferon- inducible protein Ifi-16, protein from Homo sapiens IF6 HUMAN Eukaryotic translation UniProt TAS PMID: 9374518 initiation factor 6, protein from Homo sapiens IKBA HUMAN NF-kappaB inhibitor alpha, UniProt IDA PMID: 7679069 protein from Homo sapiens ILF2 HUMAN Interleukin enhancer- UniProt IDA PMID: 7519613 binding factor 2, protein from Homo sapiens ILF3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11739746 Interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 10400669 IMA2 HUMAN Importin alpha-2 subunit, UniProt TAS PMID: 9020106 protein from Homo sapiens IMB3 HUMAN Importin beta-3, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9114010 from Homo sapiens IMUP HUMAN Similar to Immortalization- UniProt TAS PMID: 11080599 upregulated protein, protein from Homo sapiens IN35 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 8288566 Interferon-induced 35 kDa protein, protein from Homo sapiens ING1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Inhibitor UniProt NAS PMID: 10866301 of growth protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens ING2 HUMAN Inhibitor of growth protein 2, UniProt IEP PMID: 15243141 protein from Homo sapiens ING4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Inhibitor UniProt IDA PMID: 15029197 of growth protein 4, protein from Homo sapiens IP6K1 HUMAN Inositol hexaphosphate kinase UniProt TAS PMID: 11502751 1, protein from Homo sapiens IP6K2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Inositol UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9UHH9 hexakisphosphate kinase 2, protein from Homo sapiens IP6K3 HUMAN Inositol hexaphosphate UniProt IDA PMID: 11502751 kinase 3, protein from Homo sapiens ISS UniProt: Q96PC2 IRF4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Interferon UniProt IC PMID: 12374808 regulatory factor 4, protein from Homo sapiens IRF7 HUMAN Splice Isoform A of UniProt ISS UniProt: Q92985 Interferon regulatory factor 7, protein from Homo sapiens IRS1 HUMAN Insulin receptor substrate UniProt ISS UniProt: P35568 1, protein from Homo sapiens IRTF HUMAN Transcriptional regulator UniProt TAS PMID: 1630447 ISGF3 gamma subunit, protein from Homo sapiens ITF2 HUMAN Splice Isoform SEF2-1B UniProt TAS PMID: 1681116 of Transcription factor 4, protein from Homo sapiens JAD1A HUMAN Jumonji/ARID domain- UniProt TAS PMID: 8414517 containing protein 1A, protein from Homo sapiens JERKL HUMAN Jerky homolog-like, UniProt TAS PMID: 9240447 protein from Homo sapiens KCY HUMAN UMP-CMP kinase, UniProt TAS PMID: 10462544 protein from Homo sapiens KIF22 HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF22, UniProt TAS PMID: 8599929 protein from Homo sapiens KLF10 HUMAN Transforming growth UniProt TAS PMID: 9748269 factor-beta-inducible early growth response protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens KLF11 HUMAN Transforming growth UniProt TAS PMID: 9748269 factor-beta-inducible early growth response protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens KLF2 HUMAN Kruppel-like factor 2, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y5W3 protein from Homo sapiens KLF4 HUMAN Kruppel-like factor 4, UniProt ISS PMID: 9422764 protein from Homo sapiens KLF6 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Core UniProt TAS PMID: 9689109 promoter element-binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens KNTC1 HUMAN Kinetochore-associated UniProt NAS PMID: 11146660 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens KPCI HUMAN Protein kinase C, iota type, UniProt ISS UniProt: P41743 protein from Homo sapiens KR18 HUMAN Zinc finger protein Kr18, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9HCG1 protein from Homo sapiens KS6A2 HUMAN Ribosomal protein S6 UniProt TAS PMID: 7623830 kinase alpha 2, protein from Homo sapiens KS6A4 HUMAN Ribosomal protein S6 UniProt IEP PMID: 9792677 kinase alpha 4, protein from Homo sapiens ISS UniProt: O75585 IDA PMID: 11035004 KS6A5 HUMAN Ribosomal protein S6 UniProt IEP PMID: 9687510 kinase alpha 5, protein from Homo sapiens KU70 HUMAN ATP-dependent DNA UniProt TAS PMID: 10508516 helicase II, 70 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens KU86 HUMAN ATP-dependent DNA UniProt TAS PMID: 7957065 helicase II 80 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens LANC2 HUMAN LanC-like protein 2, UniProt IDA PMID: 12566319 protein from Homo sapiens LAP2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of LAP2 UniProt ISS PMID: 11375975 protein, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 11375975 LATS2 HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein UniProt NAS PMID: 10673337 kinase LATS2, protein from Homo sapiens LDOC1 HUMAN Protein LDOC1, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10403563 from Homo sapiens LEG3 HUMAN LGALS3 protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 14961764 from Homo sapiens LHX3 HUMAN Splice Isoform A of UniProt TAS PMID: 10598593 LIM/homeobox protein Lhx3, protein from Homo sapiens LIMK2 HUMAN Splice Isoform LIMK2a UniProt TAS PMID: 8954941 of LIM domain kinase 2, protein from Homo sapiens LMBL2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS UniProt: Q969R5 Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like 2 protein, protein from Homo sapiens LMBL3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS UniProt: Q96JM7 Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like 3 protein, protein from Homo sapiens LMO7 HUMAN Splice Isoform 3 of LIM UniProt TAS PMID: 9826547 domain only protein 7, protein from Homo sapiens LMX1B HUMAN Splice Isoform Short of UniProt NAS UniProt: O60663 LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 beta, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 10767331 LPIN1 HUMAN Lipin-1, protein from UniProt ISS PMID: 11138012 Homo sapiens LPPRC HUMAN 130 kDa leucine-rich protein, UniProt IDA PMID: 12832482 protein from Homo sapiens ISS UniProt: P42704 LSM1 HUMAN U6 snRNA-associated UniProt TAS PMID: 10369684 Sm-like protein LSm1, protein from Homo sapiens LSM2 HUMAN U6 snRNA-associated UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y333 Sm-like protein LSm2, protein from Homo sapiens LSM3 HUMAN U6 snRNA-associated UniProt TAS PMID: 10369684 Sm-like protein LSm3, protein from Homo sapiens LSM5 HUMAN U6 snRNA-associated UniProt TAS PMID: 10369684 Sm-like protein LSm5, protein from Homo sapiens LSM7 HUMAN U6 snRNA-associated UniProt NAS UNIPROT: Q9UK45 Sm-like protein LSm7, protein from Homo sapiens LSM8 HUMAN U6 snRNA-associated UniProt NAS UniProt: O95777 Sm-like protein LSm8, protein from Homo sapiens LZTS1 HUMAN Leucine zipper, putative UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y5V7 tumor suppressor 1, protein from Homo sapiens NAS UniProt: Q9Y5W2 NAS UniProt: Q9Y5W1 NAS UniProt: Q9Y5W0 NAS UniProt: Q9Y5V8 MAD HUMAN MAD protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 8425218 from Homo sapiens MAFB HUMAN Transcription factor MafB, UniProt TAS PMID: 8001130 protein from Homo sapiens MAGC2 HUMAN Melanoma-associated UniProt IDA PMID: 12920247 antigen C2, protein from Homo sapiens MAGE1 HUMAN Melanoma-associated UniProt ISS PMID: 14623885 antigen E1, protein from Homo sapiens MAML1 HUMAN Mastermind-like protein UniProt IDA PMID: 11101851 1, protein from Homo sapiens MAML2 HUMAN MasterMind-like 2, UniProt IDA PMID: 12370315 protein from Homo sapiens MAML3 HUMAN MasterMind-like 3, UniProt IDA PMID: 12370315 protein from Homo sapiens MAPK2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of MAP UniProt TAS PMID: 8280084 kinase-activated protein kinase 2, protein from Homo sapiens MAPK3 HUMAN MAP kinase-activated UniProt TAS PMID: 10781029 protein kinase 3, protein from Homo sapiens MBB1A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Myb- UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9BQG0 binding protein 1A, protein from Homo sapiens MBD1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 10454587 Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens MBD2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 10441743 Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens MBD4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9774669 Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 4, protein from Homo sapiens MBNL HUMAN Splice Isoform EXP35 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10970838 Muscleblind-like protein, protein from Homo sapiens MCA3 HUMAN Eukaryotic translation UniProt ISS UniProt: O43324 elongation factor 1 epsilon-1, protein from Homo sapiens MCE1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9473487 mRNA capping enzyme, protein from Homo sapiens MCM2 HUMAN DNA replication licensing UniProt TAS PMID: 8175912 factor MCM2, protein from Homo sapiens MCM3A HUMAN 80 kda MCM3-associated UniProt TAS PMID: 9712829 protein, protein from Homo sapiens MCM4 HUMAN DNA replication licensing UniProt NAS PMID: 8265339 factor MCM4, protein from Homo sapiens MCM5 HUMAN DNA replication licensing UniProt TAS PMID: 8751386 factor MCM5, protein from Homo sapiens MCM6 HUMAN DNA replication licensing UniProt NAS PMID: 9286856 factor MCM6, protein from Homo sapiens MD2BP HUMAN MAD2L1 binding protein, UniProt IDA PMID: 10942595 protein from Homo sapiens MDC1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 15604234 Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens MDM4 HUMAN Mdm4 protein, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 9226370 from Homo sapiens MDN1 HUMAN Midasin, protein from UniProt NAS PMID: 12102729 Homo sapiens MECP2 HUMAN Methyl-CpG-binding protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10773092 2, protein from Homo sapiens MECT1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 14506290 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma translocated protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens MED12 HUMAN Mediator of RNA polymerase UniProt IDA PMID: 10235267 II transcription subunit 12, protein from Homo sapiens MED4 HUMAN Mediator complex subunit UniProt IDA PMID: 10235267 4, protein from Homo sapiens MED6 HUMAN RNA polymerase UniProt TAS PMID: 10024883 transcriptional regulation mediator, subunit 6 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens MEF2A HUMAN Splice Isoform MEF2 of UniProt TAS PMID: 1516833 Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2A, protein from Homo sapiens MEF2B HUMAN Myocyte-specific UniProt TAS PMID: 1516833 enhancer factor 2B, protein from Homo sapiens MEFV HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Pyrin, UniProt IDA PMID: 11115844 protein from Homo sapiens MEN1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Menin, UniProt IDA PMID: 15199122 protein from Homo sapiens MERL HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Merlin, UniProt IDA PMID: 10401006 protein from Homo sapiens MGMT HUMAN Methylated-DNA-- UniProt TAS PMID: 2188979 protein-cysteine methyltransferase, protein from Homo sapiens MGN HUMAN Mago nashi protein homolog, UniProt NAS UniProt: P61326 protein from Homo sapiens MITF HUMAN Splice Isoform A2 of UniProt NAS PMID: 9647758 Microphthalmia- associated transcription factor, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 10578055 MK14 HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q16539 kinase 14 isoforM 2, protein from Homo sapiens MKL2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IC PMID: 14565952 MKL/myocardin-like protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens MLH3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA UniProt TAS PMID: 10615123 mismatch repair protein Mlh3, protein from Homo sapiens MLL2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 9247308 Myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens MLL4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UMN6 Myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia protein 4, protein from Homo sapiens MLX HUMAN Splice Isoform Gamma of UniProt IDA PMID: 10918583 MAx-like protein X, protein from Homo sapiens MLZE HUMAN Melanoma-derived UniProt NAS PMID: 11223543 leucine zipper-containing extranuclear factor, protein from Homo sapiens MO4L1 HUMAN Similar to Testis UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UBU8 expressed gene 189, protein from Homo sapiens MO4L2 HUMAN Mortality factor 4-like UniProt NAS UniProt: Q15014 protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens MOL1A HUMAN Mps one binder kinase UniProt IDA PMID: 15067004 activator-like 1A, protein from Homo sapiens MOS1A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 9731530 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein 1 A, protein from Homo sapiens MPP8 HUMAN M-phase phosphoprotein UniProt IDA PMID: 8885239 8, protein from Homo sapiens MRE11 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10802669 Double-strand break repair protein MRE11A, protein from Homo sapiens MS3L1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Male- UniProt TAS PMID: 10395802 specific lethal 3-like 1, protein from Homo sapiens MSH2 HUMAN DNA mismatch repair UniProt NAS PMID: 7923193 protein Msh2, protein from Homo sapiens MSH4 HUMAN MutS protein homolog 4, UniProt TAS PMID: 9299235 protein from Homo sapiens MSMB HUMAN Splice Isoform PSP94 of UniProt TAS PMID: 7566962 Beta-microseminoprotein precursor, protein from Homo sapiens MTA70 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of N6- UniProt IDA PMID: 9409616 adenosine-methyltransferase 70 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens MTF1 HUMAN Metal-regulatory UniProt TAS PMID: 3208749 transcription factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens MTMR2 HUMAN Myotubularin-related UniProt IDA PMID: 12837694 protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens MUSC HUMAN Musculin, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 9584154 Homo sapiens MUTYH HUMAN Splice Isoform Alpha-1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 7823963 A/G-specific adenine DNA glycosylase, protein from Homo sapiens MVP HUMAN Major vault protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 7585126 protein from Homo sapiens MX2 HUMAN Interferon-induced GTP- UniProt TAS PMID: 8798556 binding protein Mx2, protein from Homo sapiens MXI1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of MAX UniProt TAS PMID: 8425219 interacting protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens MYBA HUMAN Myb-related protein A, UniProt NAS PMID: 8058310 protein from Homo sapiens MYC HUMAN Myc proto-oncogene protein, UniProt IDA PMID: 15994933 protein from Homo sapiens MYCBP HUMAN C-Myc binding protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 9797456 protein from Homo sapiens MYCN HUMAN N-myc proto-oncogene UniProt TAS PMID: 3796607 protein, protein from Homo sapiens MYF6 HUMAN Myogenic factor 6, UniProt TAS PMID: 2311584 protein from Homo sapiens MYOD1 HUMAN Myoblast determination UniProt TAS PMID: 3175662 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens MYST2 HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase UniProt TAS PMID: 10438470 MYST2, protein from Homo sapiens MYT1 HUMAN Myelin transcription factor UniProt NAS PMID: 1280325 1, protein from Homo sapiens NAB1 HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt NAS PMID: 8668170 NGFI-A binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens NARG1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of NMDA UniProt IDA PMID: 12145306 receptor regulated protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 12140756 NARGL HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of NMDA UniProt ISS UniProt: Q6N069 receptor regulated 1-like protein, protein from Homo sapiens NASP HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 1426632 Nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein, protein from Homo sapiens NCBP2 HUMAN Nuclear cap binding UniProt NAS PMID: 7651522 protein subunit 2, protein from Homo sapiens NCOA1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9223431 Nuclear receptor coactivator 1, protein from Homo sapiens NCOA2 HUMAN Nuclear receptor coactivator UniProt NAS UniProt: Q15596 2, protein from Homo sapiens NCOA3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 97410321 Nuclear receptor coactivator 3, protein from Homo sapiens NAS UniProt: Q9UPC9 NCOA4 HUMAN Splice Isoform Alpha of UniProt TAS PMID: 8643607 Nuclear receptor coactivator 4, protein from Homo sapiens NCOA6 HUMAN Nuclear receptor coactivator UniProt IDA PMID: 11443112 6, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 10567404 NCOR2 HUMAN Nuclear receptor co-repressor UniProt TAS PMID: 10097068 2, protein from Homo sapiens NDKA HUMAN Nucleoside diphosphate UniProt NAS UniProt: P15531 kinase A, protein from Homo sapiens TAS PMID: 16130169 NDKB HUMAN Nucleoside diphosphate UniProt NAS UniProt: P22392 kinase B, protein from Homo sapiens NEDD8 HUMAN NEDD8 precursor, UniProt TAS PMID: 9353319 protein from Homo sapiens NEK1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 15604234 Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek1, protein from Homo sapiens NEK3 HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein UniProt NAS PMID: 7522034 kinase Nek3, protein from Homo sapiens NELFE HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Negative UniProt NAS PMID: 2119325 elongation factor E, protein from Homo sapiens NFAC2 HUMAN Splice Isoform C of UniProt TAS PMID: 8668213 Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2, protein from Homo sapiens NFAT5 HUMAN Splice Isoform C of Nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 10051678 factor of activated T cells 5, protein from Homo sapiens NFE2 HUMAN Transcription factor NF- UniProt TAS PMID: 7774011 E2 45 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens NFIA HUMAN Nuclear factor 1 A-type, UniProt NAS PMID: 7590749 protein from Homo sapiens NFIB HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 7590749 Nuclear factor 1 B-type, protein from Homo sapiens NFKB2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 15677444 Nuclear factor NF-kappa- B p100 subunit, protein from Homo sapiens NFS1 HUMAN Cysteine desulfurase, UniProt TAS PMID: 9885568 mitochondrial precursor, protein from Homo sapiens NFYA HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt IDA PMID: 15243141 Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha, protein from Homo sapiens NFYB HUMAN Nuclear transcription UniProt IEP PMID: 15243141 factor Y subunit beta, protein from Homo sapiens NFYC HUMAN Splice Isoform 3 of UniProt IEP PMID: 15243141 Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma, protein from Homo sapiens NHRF2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9054412 Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory cofactor NHE-RF2, protein from Homo sapiens NKRF HUMAN NF-kappa-B-repressing UniProt IDA PMID: 10562553 factor, protein from Homo sapiens NKX31 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 11137288 Homeobox protein Nkx-3.1, protein from Homo sapiens NLK HUMAN Serine/threonine kinase NLK, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9UBE8 protein from Homo sapiens NMES1 HUMAN Normal mucosa of UniProt IDA PMID: 12209954 esophagus-specific gene 1 protein, protein from Homo sapiens NMNA1 HUMAN Nicotinamide UniProt IDA PMID: 11248244 mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1, protein from Homo sapiens NNP1 HUMAN NNP-1 protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9192856 from Homo sapiens NOCT HUMAN Nocturnin, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 10521507 Homo sapiens NOG2 HUMAN Nucleolar GTP-binding UniProt TAS PMID: 8822211 protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens NONO HUMAN Non-POU domain- UniProt TAS PMID: 9360842 containing octamer- binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens NOTC1 HUMAN Neurogenic locus notch UniProt TAS PMID: 10713164 homolog protein 1 precursor, protein from Homo sapiens NOTC2 HUMAN Neurogenic locus notch UniProt IDA PMID: 1303260 homolog protein 2 precursor, protein from Homo sapiens NOTC4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 8681805 Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 4 precursor, protein from Homo sapiens NP1L2 HUMAN Nucleosome assembly UniProt TAS PMID: 8789438 protein 1-like 2, protein from Homo sapiens NPM2 HUMAN Nucleoplasmin-2, protein UniProt IEP PMID: 12714744 from Homo sapiens NPM HUMAN Nucleophosmin, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 12080348 from Homo sapiens TAS PMID: 16130169 NR1D1 HUMAN Orphan nuclear receptor UniProt TAS PMID: 8622974 NR1D1, protein from Homo sapiens NR1D2 HUMAN Orphan nuclear receptor UniProt TAS PMID: 7997240 NR1D2, protein from Homo sapiens NR1H2 HUMAN Oxysterols receptor LXR- UniProt TAS PMID: 7926814 beta, protein from Homo sapiens NR1H3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 7744246 Oxysterols receptor LXR- alpha, protein from Homo sapiens NR2E3 HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt TAS PMID: 10220376 Photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor, protein from Homo sapiens NR4A2 HUMAN Orphan nuclear receptor UniProt TAS PMID: 7877627 NR4A2, protein from Homo sapiens NR4A3 HUMAN Nuclear receptor UniProt NAS PMID: 8634690 subfamily 4, group A, member 3 isoform b, protein from Homo sapiens NR5A2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of Orphan UniProt TAS PMID: 9786908 nuclear receptor NR5A2, protein from Homo sapiens NRIF3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10490654 Nuclear receptor- interacting factor 3, protein from Homo sapiens NRIP1 HUMAN Nuclear receptor- UniProt IDA PMID: 7641693 interacting protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 12773562 IDA PMID: 11266503 NRL HUMAN Neural retina-specific UniProt TAS PMID: 8939891 leucine zipper protein, protein from Homo sapiens NSBP1 HUMAN Nucleosomal binding protein UniProt NAS PMID: 11161810 1, protein from Homo sapiens NSG1 HUMAN Neuron-specific protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9013775 family member 1, protein from Homo sapiens NT5C HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of 5′(3′)- UniProt TAS PMID: 10702291 deoxyribonucleotidase, cytosolic type, protein from Homo sapiens NTHL1 HUMAN Endonuclease III-like protein UniProt IDA PMID: 12531031 1, protein from Homo sapiens NUMA1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 1541636 mitotic apparatus protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens NUPL2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10358091 Nucleoporin-like 2, protein from Homo sapiens NUPR1 HUMAN Nuclear protein 1, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 10092851 from Homo sapiens NVL HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9286697 Nuclear valosin- containing protein-like, protein from Homo sapiens NXF2 HUMAN Nuclear RNA export factor UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9GZY0 2, protein from Homo sapiens NXF3 HUMAN Nuclear RNA export factor UniProt IDA PMID: 11545741 3, protein from Homo sapiens NXF5 HUMAN Splice Isoform A of Nuclear UniProt IDA PMID: 11566096 RNA export factor 5, protein from Homo sapiens O00290 Adenovirus E3-14.7K UniProt IDA PMID: 11073942 interacting protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens O00366 Putative p150, protein UniProt ISS UniProt: O00366 from Homo sapiens O14777 Retinoblastoma- UniProt TAS PMID: 9315664 associated protein HEC, protein from Homo sapiens O14789 Testis-specific BRDT protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 9367677 protein from Homo sapiens O15125 Alternative spliced form UniProt IDA PMID: 9230210 of p15 CDK inhibitor, protein from Homo sapiens O15150 Cerebrin-50, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 9373037 Homo sapiens O15183 Trinucleotide repeat DNA UniProt TAS PMID: 8626781 binding protein p20-CGGBP, protein from Homo sapiens O15415 CAGH3, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 9225980 Homo sapiens O43148 MRNA (Guanine-7-) UniProt TAS PMID: 9705270 methyltransferase, protein from Homo sapiens O43245 Protein p65, protein from UniProt NAS PMID: 8706045 Homo sapiens O43663 Protein regulating UniProt TAS PMID: 9885575 cytokinesis 1, protein from Homo sapiens O43719 HIV TAT specific factor UniProt TAS PMID: 10454543 1, protein from Homo sapiens O43809 Pre-mRNA cleavage UniProt TAS PMID: 9659921 factor I 25 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens O43812 Homeobox protein DUX3, UniProt TAS PMID: 9736770 protein from Homo sapiens O60519 Cre binding protein-like 2, UniProt TAS PMID: 9693048 protein from Homo sapiens O60592 Arg/Abl-interacting UniProt TAS PMID: 9211900 protein ArgBP2a, protein from Homo sapiens O60593 SORBS2 protein, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 9211900 from Homo sapiens O60671 Cell cycle checkpoint UniProt IC PMID: 9660799 protein Hrad1, protein from Homo sapiens O60870 Kin17 protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 1923796 from Homo sapiens O75525 T-Star, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 10332027 Homo sapiens O75530 Embryonic ectoderm UniProt NAS PMID: 9584199 development protein homolog, protein from Homo sapiens O75766 TRIP protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9705290 from Homo sapiens O75799 Transcription repressor, UniProt NAS PMID: 9705290 protein from Homo sapiens O75805 HOXA-9A, protein from UniProt NAS UniProt: O75805 Homo sapiens O75806 HOXA-9B, protein from UniProt NAS UniProt: O75806 Homo sapiens O94992 HEXIM1 protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 12581153 from Homo sapiens O95082 EH-binding protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 10644451 protein from Homo sapiens O95133 SOX-29 protein, protein UniProt NAS UniProt: O95133 from Homo sapiens O95268 Origin recognition UniProt NAS PMID: 9765232 complex subunit ORC5T, protein from Homo sapiens O95273 D-type cyclin-interacting UniProt IDA PMID: 12437976 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens O95391 Step II splicing factor SLU7, UniProt NR UNIPROT: O95391 protein from Homo sapiens O95443 AT rich interactive domain 3B UniProt NAS PMID: 10446990 (BRIGHT-like) protein, protein from Homo sapiens O95480 Hypothetical protein, UniProt NAS UniProt: O95480 protein from Homo sapiens O95926 Hypothetical protein UniProt NAS PMID: 11118353 DKFZp564O2082, protein from Homo sapiens OGT1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of UDP- UniProt TAS PMID: 9083067 N-acetylglucosamine-- peptide N- acetylglucosaminyltransferase 110 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens OI106 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of 106 kDA UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9UPV9 O-GlcNAc transferase- interacting protein, protein from Homo sapiens ORC1 HUMAN Origin recognition UniProt TAS PMID: 7502077 complex subunit 1, protein from Homo sapiens ORC2 HUMAN Origin recognition UniProt TAS PMID: 8808289 complex subunit 2, protein from Homo sapiens ORC4 HUMAN Origin recognition UniProt TAS PMID: 9353276 complex subunit 4, protein from Homo sapiens ORC5 HUMAN Origin recognition UniProt TAS PMID: 9765232 complex subunit 5, protein from Homo sapiens OTX1 HUMAN Homeobox protein OTX1, UniProt NAS UniProt: P32242 protein from Homo sapiens OTX2 HUMAN Homeobox protein OTX2, UniProt NAS UniProt: P32243 protein from Homo sapiens OVOL1 HUMAN Putative transcription UniProt NAS UniProt: O14753 factor Ovo-like 1, protein from Homo sapiens OZF HUMAN Zinc finger protein OZF, UniProt TAS PMID: 8665923 protein from Homo sapiens P53 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 7720704 Cellular tumor antigen p53, protein from Homo sapiens P66A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 12183469 Transcriptional repressor p66 alpha, protein from Homo sapiens ISS UniProt: Q96F28 P73L HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 12446779 Tumor protein p73-like, protein from Homo sapiens P78365 Polyhomeotic 2 homolog, UniProt TAS PMID: 9121482 protein from Homo sapiens P80C HUMAN Coilin, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 7971277 Homo sapiens PA2G4 HUMAN Proliferation-associated UniProt IDA PMID: 15073182 protein 2G4, protein from Homo sapiens PAPOA HUMAN Poly(A) Polymerase alPha, UniProt TAS PMID: 8302877 protein from Homo sapiens PAR6A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9NPB6 Partitioning defective 6 homolog alpha, protein from Homo sapiens PARK7 HUMAN Protein DJ-1, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 12446870 from Homo sapiens PARN HUMAN Poly(A)-specific UniProt TAS PMID: 9736620 ribonuclease PARN, protein from Homo sapiens PARP1 HUMAN Poly [ADP-ribose] UniProt TAS PMID: 2513174 polymerase 1, protein from Homo sapiens PARP4 HUMAN Poly [ADP-ribose] UniProt NAS PMID: 10644454 polymerase 4, protein from Homo sapiens PARP9 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Poly UniProt TAS PMID: 11110709 [ADP-ribose] polymerase 9, protein from Homo sapiens PAWR HUMAN PRKC apoptosis WT1 UniProt NAS UniProt: Q96IZ0 regulator protein, protein from Homo sapiens PAX8 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Paired UniProt NAS UniProt: Q16339 box protein Pax-8, protein from Homo sapiens PAX9 HUMAN Paired box protein Pax-9, UniProt NAS UniProt: P55771 protein from Homo sapiens PBX1 HUMAN Splice Isoform PBX1a of UniProt ISS UniProt: P40424 Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens PBX3 HUMAN Splice Isoform PBX3a of UniProt ISS UniProt: P40426 Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 3, protein from Homo sapiens PBX4 HUMAN Pre-B-cell leukemia UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9BYU1 transcriPtion factor 4, protein from Homo sapiens PCAF HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase UniProt TAS PMID: 10891508 PCAF, protein from Homo sapiens PCBP1 HUMAN Poly(rC)-binding protein UniProt NAS UNIPROT: Q15365 1, protein from Homo sapiens PCBP2 HUMAN Poly(rC)-binding protein UniProt NAS UniProt: Q15366 2, protein from Homo sapiens PDCD8 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9989411 Programmed cell death protein 8, mitochondrial precursor, protein from Homo sapiens PDZK3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of PDZ UniProt ISS PMID: 12671685 domain containing protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens PEPP1 HUMAN Paired-like homeobox UniProt IDA PMID: 11980563 protein PEPP-1, protein from Homo sapiens PERM HUMAN Splice Isoform H17 of UniProt TAS PMID: 2829220 Myeloperoxidase precursor, protein from Homo sapiens PFD5 HUMAN Prefoldin subunit 5, UniProt TAS PMID: 9792694 protein from Homo sapiens PFTK1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9202329 Serine/threonine-protein kinase PFTAIRE-1, protein from Homo sapiens PGEA1 HUMAN Chibby protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 12712206 from Homo sapiens PGH1 HUMAN Cyclooxygenase 1b3, UniProt ISS UniProt: P23219 protein from Homo sapiens PGH2 HUMAN Prostaglandin G/H UniProt ISS UniProt: P35354 synthase 2 precursor, protein from Homo sapiens PHB HUMAN Prohibitin, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 16130169 Homo sapiens PHC1 HUMAN Polyhomeotic-like protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9121482 1, protein from Homo sapiens PHF12 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of PHD UniProt IDA PMID: 11390640 finger protein 12, protein from Homo sapiens PHF2 HUMAN PHD finger protein 2, UniProt TAS PMID: 10051327 protein from Homo sapiens PIAS1 HUMAN Protein inhibitor of UniProt TAS PMID: 9724754 activated STAT protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens PIAS4 HUMAN Protein inhibitor of UniProt IDA PMID: 11248056 activated STAT protein 4, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 9724754 PIN1 HUMAN Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans UniProt TAS PMID: 8606777 isomerase NIMA-interacting 1, protein from Homo sapiens PIR HUMAN Pirin, protein from Homo UniProt TAS PMID: 9079676 sapiens PKP1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of UniProt NAS PMID: 9369526 Plakophilin-1, protein from Homo sapiens PKP2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of UniProt NAS PMID: 8922383 Plakophilin-2, protein from Homo sapiens PLCB1 HUMAN Splice Isoform A of 1- UniProt NAS PMID: 10760467 phosphatidylinositol-4,5- bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta 1, protein from Homo sapiens PML HUMAN Splice Isoform PML-1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 9294197 Probable transcription factor PML, protein from Homo sapiens PMS1 HUMAN PMS1 protein homolog 1, UniProt TAS PMID: 8072530 protein from Homo sapiens PMS2 HUMAN Postmeiotic segregation UniProt TAS PMID: 8072530 increased 2 nirs variant 2, protein from Homo sapiens PNKP HUMAN Bifunctional polynucleotide UniProt IDA PMID: 10446193 phosphatase/kinase, protein from Homo sapiens PNRC1 HUMAN Proline-rich nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 7578250 receptor coactivator 1, protein from Homo sapiens PO2F1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of POU UniProt IDA PMID: 11891224 domain, class 2, transcription factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens PO5FL HUMAN POU domain, class 5, UniProt TAS UniProt: Q06416 transcription factor 1-like protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens PO6F2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of POU UniProt IC PMID: 8601806 domain, class 6, transcription factor 2, protein from Homo sapiens POLS HUMAN DNA polymerase sigma, UniProt IDA PMID: 10066793 protein from Homo sapiens POP7 HUMAN Ribonuclease P protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9630247 subunit p20, protein from Homo sapiens PP2AA HUMAN Serine/threonine protein UniProt NAS PMID: 11007961 phosphatase 2A, catalytic subunit, alpha isoform, protein from Homo sapiens PP2CD HUMAN Protein phosphatase 2C UniProt TAS PMID: 9177166 isoform delta, protein from Homo sapiens PP2CE HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96MI6 Protein phosphatase 2C isoform eta, protein from Homo sapiens PP2CG HUMAN Protein phosphatase 2C UniProt TAS PMID: 9271424 isoform gamma, protein from Homo sapiens PP4C HUMAN Serine/threonine protein UniProt NAS UniProt: P60510 phosphatase 4 catalytic subunit, protein from Homo sapiens PPARA HUMAN Peroxisome proliferator- UniProt TAS PMID: 16271724 activated receptor alpha, protein from Homo sapiens PPARB HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 11551955 Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor delta, protein from Homo sapiens PPIE HUMAN Splice Isoform A of UniProt IDA PMID: 11313484 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase E, protein from Homo sapiens PPIG HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9153302 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G, protein from Homo sapiens PPIL2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 8660300 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase-like 2, protein from Homo sapiens PPP5 HUMAN Serine/threonine protein UniProt TAS PMID: 7925273 phosphatase 5, protein from Homo sapiens PPRB HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10235267 Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens PQBP1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10198427 Polyglutamine-binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens PRD15 HUMAN PR-domain zinc finger UniProt NAS UniProt: P57071 protein 15, protein from Homo sapiens PRD16 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of PR- UniProt IC PMID: 11050005 domain zinc finger protein 16, protein from Homo sapiens PRDM2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of PR- UniProt NAS PMID: 7590293 domain zinc finger protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 7538672 PREB HUMAN Prolactin regulatory UniProt TAS PMID: 10194769 element-binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens PRGC1 HUMAN Peroxisome proliferator- UniProt TAS PMID: 12588810 activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, protein from Homo sapiens PRP16 HUMAN Pre-mRNA splicing factor UniProt NAS PMID: 9524131 ATP-dependent RNA helicase PRP16, protein from Homo sapiens PRS6A HUMAN 26S protease regulatory UniProt TAS PMID: 2194290 subunit 6A, protein from Homo sapiens PSA1 HUMAN Splice Isoform Short of UniProt TAS PMID: 7681138 Proteasome subunit alpha type 1, protein from Homo sapiens PSA3 HUMAN Proteasome subunit alpha UniProt TAS PMID: 16130169 type 3, protein from Homo sapiens PSB4 HUMAN Proteasome subunit beta UniProt TAS PMID: 16130169 type 4 precursor, protein from Homo sapiens PSF1 HUMAN DNA replication complex UniProt IDA PMID: 10942595 GINS protein PSF1, protein from Homo sapiens PTDSR HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 14729065 Protein PTDSR, protein from Homo sapiens PTHR1 HUMAN Parathyroid UniProt TAS PMID: 10709993 hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor, protein from Homo sapiens PTMA HUMAN Prothymosin alpha, UniProt TAS PMID: 10854063 protein from Homo sapiens PTMS HUMAN Parathymosin, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10854063 from Homo sapiens PTTG1 HUMAN Securin, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 9811450 Homo sapiens PTTG HUMAN Pituitary tumor-transforming UniProt IDA PMID: 10781616 gene 1 protein-interacting protein precursor, protein from Homo sapiens PWP1 HUMAN Periodic tryptophan UniProt TAS PMID: 7828893 protein 1 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens Q02313 Kruppel-related zinc UniProt NAS UniProt: Q02313 finger protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q03989 ARID5A protein, protein UniProt IC PMID: 15640446 from Homo sapiens Q12771 P37 AUF1, protein from UniProt NAS PMID: 8246982 Homo sapiens Q12869 R kappa B, protein from UniProt NR UniProt: Q12869 Homo sapiens Q13028 Homeo box protein, UniProt NAS PMID: 7647458 protein from Homo sapiens Q13051 Nuclear factor I, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 8799200 from Homo sapiens Q13127 REST protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 7697725 from Homo sapiens Q13137 NDP52, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 7540613 Homo sapiens Q13395 TAR RNA loop binding UniProt TAS PMID: 8846792 protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q13826 Autoantigen, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 7520377 from Homo sapiens Q13862 DNA-binding protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 7887923 protein from Homo sapiens Q13901 Hypothetical protein C1D, UniProt TAS PMID: 9469821 protein from Homo sapiens Q14211 E4BP4 protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 7565758 from Homo sapiens Q14333 Facioscapulohumeral UniProt NAS UniProt: Q14333 muscular dystrophy, protein from Homo sapiens Q14501 HCREM 1alpha protein, UniProt NAS PMID: 8206879 protein from Homo sapiens Q14503 HCREM 2beta-a protein, UniProt NAS PMID: 8206879 protein from Homo sapiens Q14548 HOX2.8 protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 1871139 from Homo sapiens Q14561 HPX-5 protein, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 7518789 from Homo sapiens Q14655 C-MYC promoter-binding UniProt NAS UniProt: Q14655 protein IRLB, protein from Homo sapiens Q14820 ZFM1 protein, alternatively UniProt NAS PMID: 7912130 spliced product, protein from Homo sapiens Q14869 MSSP-2 protein, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 7838710 from Homo sapiens Q14901 Myc protein, protein from UniProt NAS PMID: 2834731 Homo sapiens Q15156 PML-RAR protein, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q15156 protein from Homo sapiens Q15170 Pp21 protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 7971997 from Homo sapiens Q15270 HPX-153 protein, protein UniProt NAS UniProt: Q15270 from Homo sapiens Q15288 No distinctive protein UniProt NAS PMID: 8543184 motifs; ORF, protein from Homo sapiens Q15299 RARB protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 2177841 from Homo sapiens Q15325 DNA-binding protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 3174636 protein from Homo sapiens Q15327 Nuclear protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 7730328 from Homo sapiens Q15361 Transcription factor, UniProt NAS PMID: 7597036 protein from Homo sapiens Q15376 Y-chromosome RNA UniProt NAS PMID: 9598316 recognition motif protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q15381 Y-chromosome RNA UniProt TAS PMID: 9598316 recognition motif protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q15435 Yeast sds22 homolog, UniProt TAS PMID: 7498485 protein from Homo sapiens Q15552 CACCC box-binding protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 8355710 protein from Homo sapiens Q15574 Hypothetical protein TAF1B, UniProt NAS PMID: 7801123 protein from Homo sapiens Q15736 Zinc finger protein 223, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UMW0 protein from Homo sapiens Q15936 Zinc-finger protein, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q15936 protein from Homo sapiens Q16247 Histone H1 transcription UniProt NAS PMID: 7969168 factor large subunit 2A, protein from Homo sapiens Q16365 GATA-4 transcription factor, UniProt NAS PMID: 7791790 protein from Homo sapiens Q16464 Chromosome 17q21 UniProt NAS UniProt: Q16464 mRNA clone 694:2., protein from Homo sapiens Q16624 Long overlapping ORF, UniProt NAS PMID: 3265124 protein from Homo sapiens Q16630 HPBRII-4 mRNA, UniProt TAS PMID: 9659921 protein from Homo sapiens Q16670 Transcriptional regulator UniProt NAS PMID: 1569959 SCAN domain containing protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q5W1B6 OTTHUMP00000028668, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q5W1B6 protein from Homo sapiens Q6ZNA8 Hypothetical protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q6ZNA8 FLJ16262, protein from Homo sapiens Q7RTV3 ZNF367, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 15344908 Homo sapiens Q86T11 Discs large homolog 7; UniProt ISS UniProt: Q86T11 Drosophila Discs large-1 tumor suppressor-like; hepatoma up-regulateD protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q86TP4 TCFL5 protein, protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q86TP4 from Homo sapiens Q86XB9 BRUNOL4 protein, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q86XB9 protein from Homo sapiens Q86XF5 DNA cytosine UniProt ISS PMID: 12138111 methyltransferase 3 alpha, isoform a, protein from Homo sapiens Q86XW5 P621, protein from Homo UniProt IDA PMID: 12665582 sapiens Q86YN6 Peroxisome proliferator- UniProt ISS UniProt: Q86YN6 activated receptor gamma coactivator 1beta-1a, protein from Homo sapiens Q8IWR7 CGI-121 L1 isoform, UniProt NAS PMID: 12659830 protein from Homo sapiens Q8IXI0 Early hematopoietic zinc UniProt IDA PMID: 12393497 finger, protein from Homo sapiens Q8IZV0 DNA cytosine UniProt IDA PMID: 12138111 methyltransferase 3 alpha isoform b, protein from Homo sapiens Q8N717 KLF4 protein, protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8N717 from Homo sapiens Q8N9B5 Hypothetical protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8N9B5 FLJ37870, protein from Homo sapiens Q8NFW5 Homeoprotein MBX-L, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8NFW5 protein from Homo sapiens Q8NFW6 Homeoprotein MBX-S, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8NFW6 protein from Homo sapiens Q8NHW3 V-maf musculoaponeurotic UniProt IDA PMID: 12368292 fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A, protein from Homo sapiens Q8TAL0 PPARGC1B protein, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8TAL0 protein from Homo sapiens Q8TD23 TRAF6-binding zinc UniProt IDA PMID: 11751921 finger protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q8TDE4 PGC-1-related estrogen UniProt ISS PMID: 10713165 receptor alpha coactivator short isoform, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 11854298 Q8TEY4 Adaptor protein FE65a2, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8TEY4 protein from Homo sapiens Q8WX93 Myoneurin, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 11598191 Homo sapiens Q8WYA4 Brain-muscle-ARNT-like UniProt IDA PMID: 12055078 transcription factor 2a, protein from Homo sapiens Q92657 HP8 peptide, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 8758458 from Homo sapiens Q92728 RB1 protein, protein from UniProt NAS PMID: 3413073 Homo sapiens Q96BU1 S100P binding protein UniProt IDA PMID: 15632002 Riken, isoform a, protein from Homo sapiens Q96BX9 Hypothetical protein UniProt IDA PMID: 15843405 FLJ32915, protein from Homo sapiens Q96C70 Transcription factor UniProt IDA PMID: 15994933 RAM2 splice variant c, protein from Homo sapiens Q96HR3 TRAP/Mediator complex UniProt IDA PMID: 10235267 component TRAP25, protein from Homo sapiens Q96JL8 JADE1L protein, protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96JL8 from Homo sapiens Q96L96 Muscle alpha-kinase, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96L96 protein from Homo sapiens Q96MH2 Hypothetical protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96MH2 FLJ32384, protein from Homo sapiens Q96S66 Mid-1-related chloride UniProt ISS PMID: 11279057 channel 1, protein from Homo sapiens Q96SQ1 Hypothetical protein UniProt IDA PMID: 12169691 FLJ14714, protein from Homo sapiens Q99419 ICSAT transcription factor, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q99419 protein from Homo sapiens Q99638 RAD9A protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 8943031 from Homo sapiens Q99718 ESE-1a, protein from UniProt NAS PMID: 9234700 Homo sapiens Q9BRV3 LOC55974 protein, UniProt IC PMID: 8630032 protein from Homo sapiens Q9BXX3 Breast cancer antigen NY- UniProt NAS PMID: 11280766 BR-1, protein from Homo sapiens Q9BYE0 BHLH factor Hes7, UniProt NAS PMID: 11260262 protein from Homo sapiens Q9BYG9 Nucleophosmin/B23.2, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9BYG9 protein from Homo sapiens Q9BYU3 MORF/CBP protein, UniProt NAS PMID: 11157802 protein from Homo sapiens Q9BZ95 Putative chromatin UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9BZ95 modulator, protein from Homo sapiens Q9BZC1 Bruno-like 4, RNA UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9BZC1 Binding protein; RNA- Binding protein BRUNOL-5; CUG-BP and ETR-3 like factor 4, protein from Homo sapiens Q9BZC2 Trinucleotide repeat UniProt NAS PMID: 11158314 containing 4, protein from Homo sapiens Q9BZS0 Kappa B and V(D)J UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9BZS0 recombination signal sequences binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q9C056 NK6 transcription factor UniProt NAS PMID: 11210186 related, locus 2, protein from Homo sapiens Q9H2G4 CTCL tumor antigen se20-4, UniProt IDA PMID: 11395479 protein from Homo sapiens Q9H2M1 Estrogen receptor alpha, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9H2M1 protein from Homo sapiens Q9H2M4 Cycle-like factor CLIF, UniProt NAS PMID: 11018023 protein from Homo sapiens Q9H2S9 Zinc finger transcription UniProt TAS PMID: 10978333 factor Eos, protein from Homo sapiens Q9H315 ARTS protein, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 11146656 from Homo sapiens Q9H4E3 Probable ATP-dependent UniProt NAS PMID: 11024137 RNA helicase DDX47, protein from Homo sapiens Q9H509 DJ875K15.1.1, protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9H509 from Homo sapiens Q9HB90 GTPase-interacting protein 2, UniProt IDA PMID: 11073942 protein from Homo sapiens Q9HBE0 Beta protein 1 BP1, UniProt NAS PMID: 11069021 protein from Homo sapiens Q9HBU2 Lim-homeobox transcription UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9HBU2 factor LHX3, protein from Homo sapiens Q9HD85 Pre-B-cell leukemia UniProt NAS PMID: 10825160 transcription factor interacting protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens Q9NP66 High-mobility group 20A UniProt NAS PMID: 10773667 variant, protein from Homo sapiens Q9NPE2 Mesenchymal stem cell UniProt NAS PMID: 11118320 protein DSC92, protein from Homo sapiens Q9NQL2 OTTHUMP00000016853, UniProt IDA PMID: 11073942 protein from Homo sapiens Q9NQL9 Doublesex and mab-3 UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9NQL9 related transcription factor 3, protein from Homo sapiens Q9NR48 Ash1, protein from Homo UniProt TAS PMID: 10860993 sapiens Q9NR55 Jun dimerization protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10878360 p21SNFT, protein from Homo sapiens Q9NS72 K562 cell-derived UniProt NAS PMID: 10873651 leucine-zipper-like protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens Q9NX07 Hypothetical protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9NX07 FLJ20503, protein from Homo sapiens Q9NYW8 RB-associated KRAB UniProt TAS PMID: 10702291 repressor, protein from Homo sapiens Q9NZC4 Ets domain transcription UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9NZC4 factor, protein from Homo sapiens Q9P016 THY28 protein, protein UniProt ISS PMID: 14601557 from Homo sapiens Q9P112 Chromosome 16 open UniProt NAS PMID: 10570909 reading frame 5, protein from Homo sapiens Q9P1Z2 KIAA1536 protein, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9P1Z2 protein from Homo sapiens Q9P2R9 SRp25 nuclear protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10708573 isoform 2, protein from Homo sapiens Q9P2S7 Hypothetical protein UniProt NR UniProt: Q9P2S7 FLJ11063, protein from Homo sapiens Q9UC05 22 Kruppel-related zinc UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UC05 finger protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q9UCY6 Nuclear receptor subfamily UniProt NAS PMID: 7479914 5, group A, member 1, protein from Homo sapiens Q9UD04 GHDTA = GROWTH UniProt NAS PMID: 7642589 hormone gene-derived transcriptional activator/hepatic nuclear factor-1 alpha homolog, protein from Homo sapiens Q9UD29 Surfactant protein B- UniProt NAS PMID: 7887923 binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q9UD78 LBP-1A transcription UniProt TAS PMID: 8114710 factor protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q9UD83 ATF-A0 transcription UniProt NAS PMID: 8288576 factor protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q9UEP1 Cell cycle checkpoint protein, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9UEP1 protein from Homo sapiens Q9UGK6 Putative secreted ligand, UniProt NR UniProt: Q9UGK6 protein from Homo sapiens Q9UGL1 RB-binding protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 12657635 protein from Homo sapiens Q9UH59 Bromodomain protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10526152 CELTIX1, protein from Homo sapiens Q9UHK0 Nuclear fragile X mental UniProt TAS PMID: 10556305 retardation protein interacting protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens Q9ULW3 Basal transcriptional UniProt TAS PMID: 10648625 activator hABT1, protein from Homo sapiens Q9UMC5 Zinc finger protein 2, isoform UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UMC5 a, protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y294 ASF1A protein, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 10759893 from Homo sapiens Q9Y2A1 P53TG1-B, protein from UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y2A1 Homo sapiens Q9Y2A2 P53TG1-C, protein from UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y2A2 Homo sapiens Q9Y2A3 P53TG1-D, protein from UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y2A3 Homo sapiens Q9Y2Y4 Testis zinc finger protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 10572087 protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y310 CGI-21 protein, protein UniProt NR UniProt: Q9Y310 from Homo sapiens Q9Y3C4 My019 protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 12659830 from Homo sapiens Q9Y451 Androgen-induced UniProt TAS PMID: 10215036 prostate proliferative shutoff associated protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y474 Zinc-finger motif- UniProt TAS PMID: 9305772 enhancer binding-protein- 1, protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y489 Centrosomal protein 1, UniProt TAS PMID: 10359848 protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y4I0 Zinc-finger helicase, UniProt NAS PMID: 9688266 protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y586 MAB21L2 protein, UniProt NR UniProt: Q9Y586 protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y655 Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 2601707 Myelin expression factor 2, protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y664 Actin-associated protein UniProt TAS PMID: 1372044 2E4/kaptin, protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y675 SNRPN upstream reading UniProt NAS PMID: 10318933 frame protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y6B2 PTD014, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 11073990 Homo sapiens Q9Y6D4 MORC1 protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10369865 from Homo sapiens Q9Y6R2 HUEL, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 10409434 Homo sapiens Q9Y6Z7 Collectin sub-family UniProt ISS PMID: 12450124 member 10, protein from Homo sapiens R51A1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of RAD51- UniProt IC PMID: 9396801 associated protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens RA51B HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of DNA UniProt TAS PMID: 9512535 repair protein RAD51 homolog 2, protein from Homo sapiens RA51C HUMAN DNA repair protein RAD51 UniProt TAS PMID: 9469824 homolog 3, protein from Homo sapiens RA51D HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA UniProt TAS PMID: 9570954 repair protein RAD51 homolog 4, protein from Homo sapiens RAB3I HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of RAB3A- UniProt IDA PMID: 12007189 interacting protein, protein from Homo sapiens RAD18 HUMAN Postreplication repair UniProt NAS PMID: 10884424 protein RAD18, protein from Homo sapiens RAD51 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA UniProt ISS UniProt: Q06609 repair protein RAD51 homolog 1, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 12442171 RAD52 HUMAN RAD52 homolog isoform UniProt TAS PMID: 7774919 alpha, protein from Homo sapiens RAD54 HUMAN DNA repair and UniProt TAS PMID: 8805304 recombination protein RAD54-like, protein from Homo sapiens RAE1L HUMAN mRNA-associated protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9370289 mrnp 41, protein from Homo sapiens RAG2 HUMAN V(D)J recombination- UniProt NAS UniProt: P55895 activating protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens RANB3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Ran- UniProt TAS PMID: 9637251 binding protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens RANB9 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Ran- UniProt IDA PMID: 12220523 binding protein 9, protein from Homo sapiens RANG HUMAN Ran-specific GTPase- UniProt TAS PMID: 16130169 activating protein, protein from Homo sapiens RASF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform D of Ras UniProt IEP PMID: 14743218 association domain family 1, protein from Homo sapiens RASF7 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Ras UniProt NAS UniProt: Q02833 association domain protein 7, protein from Homo sapiens RB HUMAN Retinoblastoma- UniProt TAS PMID: 3657987 associated protein, protein from Homo sapiens RBBP4 HUMAN Chromatin assembly UniProt TAS PMID: 8350924 factor 1 subunit C, protein from Homo sapiens RBBP5 HUMAN Retinoblastoma-binding UniProt IDA PMID: 15199122 protein 5, protein from Homo sapiens RBBP8 HUMAN RBBP8 protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10764811 from Homo sapiens RBM10 HUMAN RNA binding motif UniProt NAS UniProt: P98175 protein 10, isoform 1, protein from Homo sapiens RBM5 HUMAN RNA-binding protein 5, UniProt TAS PMID: 10352938 protein from Homo sapiens RBM6 HUMAN RNA-binding protein 6, UniProt TAS PMID: 10352938 protein from Homo sapiens RBM8A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of RNA- UniProt NAS PMID: 11013075 binding protein 8A, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 11030346 RBM9 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of RNA- UniProt IDA PMID: 11875103 binding protein 9, protein from Homo sapiens RBX2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 10082581 RING-box protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens RBY1A HUMAN RNA-binding motif UniProt TAS PMID: 9598316 protein, Y chromosome, family 1 member A1, protein from Homo sapiens RCL HUMAN c-Myc-responsive protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9271375 Rcl, protein from Homo sapiens RD23B HUMAN UV excision repair protein UniProt TAS PMID: 8168482 RAD23 homolog B, protein from Homo sapiens RECQ1 HUMAN ATP-dependent DNA UniProt TAS PMID: 7961977 helicase Q1, protein from Homo sapiens RED1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 8995285 Double-stranded RNA- specific editase 1, protein from Homo sapiens REN3A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 11163187 Regulator of nonsense transcripts 3A, protein from Homo sapiens REN3B HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 11163187 Regulator of nonsense transcripts 3B, protein from Homo sapiens RERE HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 10814707 Arginine-glutamic acid dipeptide repeats protein, protein from Homo sapiens RERG HUMAN Ras-related and estrogen- UniProt IDA PMID: 11533059 regulated growth inhibitor, protein from Homo sapiens REXO4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of RNA UniProt NAS PMID: 10908561 exonuclease 4, protein from Homo sapiens RFX3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IC PMID: 12411430 Transcription factor RFX3, protein from Homo sapiens RFX5 HUMAN DNA-binding protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9806546 RFX5, protein from Homo sapiens RHOB HUMAN Rho-related GTP-binding UniProt ISS UniProt: P62745 protein RhoB, protein from Homo sapiens RING1 HUMAN Polycomb complex UniProt IDA PMID: 9199346 protein RING1, protein from Homo sapiens RM19 HUMAN 39S ribosomal protein UniProt IDA PMID: 10942595 L19, mitochondrial precursor, protein from Homo sapiens RM40 HUMAN 39S ribosomal protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9790763 L40, mitochondrial precursor, protein from Homo sapiens RMP HUMAN RNA polymerase II UniProt TAS PMID: 9878255 subunit 5-mediating protein, protein from Homo sapiens RNF14 HUMAN RING finger protein 14, UniProt IDA PMID: 11322894 protein from Homo sapiens RNF4 HUMAN RING finger protein 4, UniProt TAS PMID: 9710597 protein from Homo sapiens RNPS1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of RNA- UniProt TAS PMID: 9580558 binding protein with serine-rich domain 1, protein from Homo sapiens RP14 HUMAN Ribonuclease P protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10024167 subunit p14, protein from Homo sapiens RP30 HUMAN Ribonuclease P protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9630247 subunit p30, protein from Homo sapiens RPB1 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt NAS PMID: 7622068 polymerase II largest subunit, protein from Homo sapiens RPB8 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt TAS UniProt: P52434 polymerases I, II, and III 17.1 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens RPGF5 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Rap UniProt IDA PMID: 10486569 guanine nucleotide exchange factor 5, protein from Homo sapiens RPP38 HUMAN Ribonuclease P protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9630247 subunit p38, protein from Homo sapiens RPP40 HUMAN Ribonuclease P protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9630247 subunit p40, protein from Homo sapiens RRP5 HUMAN RRP5 protein homolog, UniProt IDA PMID: 14624448 protein from Homo sapiens RSSA HUMAN 40S ribosomal protein SA, UniProt TAS PMID: 16130169 protein from Homo sapiens RUNX1 HUMAN Splice Isoform AML-1B UniProt NAS UniProt: O60473 of Runt-related transcription factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens RUNX3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Runt- UniProt NAS UniProt: Q13761 related transcription factor 3, protein from Homo sapiens RUVB1 HUMAN RuvB-like 1, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 9843967 Homo sapiens RUVB2 HUMAN RuvB-like 2, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 10524211 Homo sapiens S100P HUMAN S-100P protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 15632002 from Homo sapiens S10AB HUMAN Calgizzarin, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 10851017 Homo sapiens S14L2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 11444841 SEC14-like protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens S2A4R HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 10825161 GLUT4 enhancer factor DNA binding domain, protein from Homo sapiens SAFB1 HUMAN Scaffold attachment factor UniProt TAS PMID: 1324173 B, protein from Homo sapiens SALL2 HUMAN Sal-like protein 2, protein UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y467 from Homo sapiens SAM68 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of KH UniProt IDA PMID: 1374686 domain containing, RNA binding, signal transduction associated protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens SAS10 HUMAN Something about silencing UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9NQZ2 protein 10, protein from Homo sapiens SATB1 HUMAN DNA-binding protein SATB1, UniProt TAS PMID: 1505028 protein from Homo sapiens SCMH1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IC PMID: 10524249 Polycomb protein SCMH1, protein from Homo sapiens SCND1 HUMAN SCAN domain-containing UniProt ISS UniProt: P57086 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens SCRN1 HUMAN Secernin-1, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 10942595 Homo sapiens SCRT1 HUMAN Transcriptional repressor UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9BWW7 scratch 1, protein from Homo sapiens SDCB1 HUMAN Syntenin-1, protein from UniProt NAS PMID: 11179419 Homo sapiens SELB HUMAN Selenocysteine-specific UniProt NAS UniProt: P57772 elongation factor, protein from Homo sapiens SENP1 HUMAN Sentrin/SUMO-specific UniProt TAS PMID: 10652325 protease 1, protein from Homo sapiens SENP7 HUMAN Similar to SUMO-1- UniProt ISS PMID: 10652325 specific protease, protein from Homo sapiens SEPT2 HUMAN Septin-2, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 10942595 Homo sapiens SEPT7 HUMAN Septin-7, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 15485874 Homo sapiens SESN1 HUMAN Splice Isoform T1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9926927 Sestrin-1, protein from Homo sapiens SET7 HUMAN Histone-lysine N- UniProt NAS UniProt: Q8WTS6 methyltransferase, H3 lysine-4 specific SET7, protein from Homo sapiens SET HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of SET UniProt IDA PMID: 11555662 protein, protein from Homo sapiens SFR11 HUMAN Splicing factor UniProt TAS PMID: 1896467 arginine/serine-rich 11, protein from Homo sapiens SFRS2 HUMAN Splicing factor, UniProt IDA PMID: 15652350 arginine/serine-rich 2, protein from Homo sapiens SFRS4 HUMAN Splicing factor, UniProt TAS PMID: 8321209 arginine/serine-rich 4, protein from Homo sapiens SFRS7 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Splicing UniProt TAS PMID: 8013463 factor, arginine/serine-rich 7, protein from Homo sapiens SH3L1 HUMAN SH3 domain-binding glutamic UniProt TAS PMID: 16130169 acid-rich-like protein, protein from Homo sapiens SIN3A HUMAN Paired amphipathic helix UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96ST3 protein Sin3a, protein from Homo sapiens SIP1 HUMAN Zinc finger homeobox UniProt IC PMID: 9853615 protein 1b, protein from Homo sapiens SIPA1 HUMAN Signal-induced proliferation- UniProt IC PMID: 9183624 associated protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens SIRT6 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Mono- UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8N6T7 ADP-ribosyltransferase sirtuin-6, protein from Homo sapiens SKI HUMAN Ski oncogene, protein UniProt NAS UniProt: P12755 from Homo sapiens SKIL HUMAN Splice Isoform SNON of UniProt ISS UniProt: P12757 Ski-like protein, protein from Homo sapiens SLUG HUMAN Zinc finger protein SLUG, UniProt TAS PMID: 10866665 protein from Homo sapiens SMAD1 HUMAN Mothers against UniProt ISS UniProt: Q15797 decapentaplegic homolog 1, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 9759503 SMAD2 HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt ISS UniProt: Q15796 Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, protein from Homo sapiens SMAD4 HUMAN Mothers against UniProt TAS PMID: 10980615 decapentaplegic homolog 4, protein from Homo sapiens SMAD5 HUMAN Mothers against UniProt NAS PMID: 9759503 decapentaplegic homolog 5, protein from Homo sapiens SMC1A HUMAN Structural maintenance of UniProt IDA PMID: 11076961 chromosome 1-like 1 protein, protein from Homo sapiens SMC2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9789013 Structural maintenance of chromosome 2-like 1 protein, protein from Homo sapiens SMC4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 11850403 Structural maintenance of chromosomes 4-like 1 protein, protein from Homo sapiens SMCA1 HUMAN SWI/SNF related, matrix UniProt TAS PMID: 1408766 associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 1, protein from Homo sapiens SMCA4 HUMAN Possible global transcription UniProt TAS PMID: 8232556 activator SNF2L4, protein from Homo sapiens SMCA5 HUMAN SWI/SNF-related matrix UniProt IDA PMID: 12972596 associated actin dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 5, protein from Homo sapiens SMRA3 HUMAN SWI/SNF-related matrix- UniProt TAS PMID: 7876228 associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 3, protein from Homo sapiens SMRD3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 14701856 SWI/SNF-related matrix- associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 3, protein from Homo sapiens SMUF2 HUMAN Smad ubiquitination UniProt NAS PMID: 11163210 regulatory factor 2, protein from Homo sapiens SND1 HUMAN Staphylococcal nuclease UniProt TAS PMID: 7651391 domain-containing protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens SNPC2 HUMAN snRNA-activating protein UniProt TAS PMID: 7715707 complex subunit 2, protein from Homo sapiens SNPC3 HUMAN snRNA-activating protein UniProt TAS PMID: 7715707 complex subunit 3, protein from Homo sapiens SNPC5 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9732265 snRNA-activating protein complex subunit 5, protein from Homo sapiens SOX15 HUMAN SOX-15 protein, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 8332506 from Homo sapiens SOX1 HUMAN SOX-1 protein, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 9337405 from Homo sapiens SOX21 HUMAN Transcription factor SOX-21, UniProt NAS PMID: 1614875 protein from Homo sapiens SOX2 HUMAN Transcription factor SOX-2, UniProt NAS PMID: 7849401 protein from Homo sapiens SOX6 HUMAN HMG1/2 (high mobility UniProt NAS PMID: 1614875 group) box family protein, protein from Homo sapiens SOX9 HUMAN Transcription factor SOX-9, UniProt TAS PMID: 10805756 protein from Homo sapiens SP100 HUMAN Splice Isoform Sp100-HMG UniProt TAS PMID: 2258622 of Nuclear autoantigen Sp-100, protein from Homo sapiens SP110 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Sp110 UniProt TAS PMID: 7693701 nuclear body protein, protein from Homo sapiens SP1 HUMAN Transcription factor Sp1, UniProt NAS UniProt: P08047 protein from Homo sapiens SP3 HUMAN Transcription factor Sp3, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q02447 protein from Homo sapiens SPAST HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Spastin, UniProt TAS PMID: 10610178 protein from Homo sapiens SPNXA HUMAN Sperm protein associated UniProt TAS PMID: 10906052 with the nucleus on the X chromosome A, protein from Homo sapiens SPNXB HUMAN Sperm protein associated UniProt TAS PMID: 10906052 with the nucleus on the X chromosome B/F, protein from Homo sapiens SPNXC HUMAN Sperm protein associated UniProt TAS PMID: 10626816 with the nucleus on the X chromosome C, protein from Homo sapiens SPOP HUMAN Speckle-type POZ protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 9414087 protein from Homo sapiens SPT6H HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 8786132 Transcription elongation factor SPT6, protein from Homo sapiens SRBS1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Sorbin UniProt IDA PMID: 11371513 and SH3 domain- containing protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens SRF HUMAN Serum response factor, UniProt TAS PMID: 3203386 protein from Homo sapiens SRPK1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11509566 Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRPK1, protein from Homo sapiens SRPK2 HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein UniProt IDA PMID: 9472028 kinase SRPK2, protein from Homo sapiens SRY HUMAN Sex-determining region Y UniProt NAS PMID: 8265659 protein, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 1425584 SSBP2 HUMAN Single-stranded DNA- UniProt NAS UniProt: P81877 binding protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens SSBP3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9BWW4 Single-stranded DNA- binding protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens SSF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 15302935 Suppressor of SWI4 1 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens SSNA1 HUMAN Sjogren's syndrome UniProt TAS PMID: 9430706 nuclear autoantigen 1, protein from Homo sapiens SSX1 HUMAN Protein SSX1, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10072425 from Homo sapiens SSXT HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of SSXT UniProt TAS PMID: 10072425 protein, protein from Homo sapiens ST17A HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein UniProt IEP PMID: 9786912 kinase 17A, protein from Homo sapiens ST17B HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein UniProt IEP PMID: 9786912 kinase 17B, protein from Homo sapiens ST65G HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of STAGA UniProt NAS PMID: 10987294 complex 65 gamma subunit, protein from Homo sapiens STABP HUMAN STAM-binding protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 10383417 protein from Homo sapiens STAG1 HUMAN Cohesin subunit SA-1, UniProt TAS PMID: 9305759 protein from Homo sapiens STAG2 HUMAN Cohesin subunit SA-2, UniProt TAS PMID: 9305759 protein from Homo sapiens STAG3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10698974 Cohesin subunit SA-3, protein from Homo sapiens STAT1 HUMAN Splice Isoform Alpha of UniProt TAS PMID: 10820245 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta, protein from Homo sapiens STAT3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Signal UniProt TAS PMID: 7512451 transducer and activator of transcription 3, protein from Homo sapiens STF1 HUMAN Steroidogenic factor 1, UniProt IDA PMID: 10567391 protein from Homo sapiens STIP1 HUMAN Stress-induced- UniProt TAS PMID: 16130169 phosphoprotein 1, protein from Homo sapiens STK19 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9812991 Serine/threonine-protein kinase 19, protein from Homo sapiens STK38 HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein UniProt IDA PMID: 12493777 kinase 38, protein from Homo sapiens STK39 HUMAN STE20/SPS1-related UniProt NAS PMID: 10980603 proline-alanine-rich protein kinase, protein from Homo sapiens STK6 HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9153231 kinase 6, protein from Homo sapiens STRN3 HUMAN Splice Isoform Alpha of UniProt IDA PMID: 7910562 Striatin-3, protein from Homo sapiens SUFU HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10559945 Suppressor of fused homolog, protein from Homo sapiens SUH HUMAN Splice Isoform APCR-2 of UniProt NAS UniProt: Q06330 Recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 9874765 SUPT3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IEP PMID: 9726987 Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens SUV91 HUMAN Histone-lysine N- UniProt TAS PMID: 10949293 methyltransferase, H3 lysine-9 specific 1, protein from Homo sapiens SVIL HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 12711699 Supervillin, protein from Homo sapiens SYCP2 HUMAN Synaptonemal complex UniProt NAS PMID: 10341103 protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens TAD3L HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9674425 Transcriptional adapter 3-like, protein from Homo sapiens TADBP HUMAN TAR DNA-binding protein UniProt TAS PMID: 7745706 43, protein from Homo sapiens TAF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 7680771 Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 1, protein from Homo sapiens TAF1L HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt ISS PMID: 12217962 factor TFIID 210 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens TAF4B HUMAN PREDICTED: TAF4b UniProt NAS UniProt: Q92750 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 105 kDa, protein from Homo sapiens TB182 HUMAN 182 kDa tankyrase 1- UniProt NAS PMID: 11854288 binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens TBX18 HUMAN T-box transcription factor UniProt NAS UniProt: O95935 TBX18, protein from Homo sapiens TBX21 HUMAN T-box transcription factor UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UL17 TBX21, protein from Homo sapiens TBX22 HUMAN T-box transcription factor UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y458 TBX22, protein from Homo sapiens TBX4 HUMAN T-box transcription factor UniProt NAS UniProt: P57082 TBX4, protein from Homo sapiens TCF20 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 10995766 Transcription factor 20, protein from Homo sapiens TCFL5 HUMAN TranscripTion facTor-like UniProt IDA PMID: 9763657 5 proTein, protein from Homo sapiens TCRG1 HUMAN Transcription elongation UniProt TAS PMID: 9315662 regulator 1, protein from Homo sapiens TEAD2 HUMAN Transcriptional enhancer UniProt NAS PMID: 8702974 factor TEF-4, protein from Homo sapiens TERA HUMAN Transitional endoplasmic UniProt IDA PMID: 10855792 reticulum ATPase, protein from Homo sapiens TAS PMID: 16130169 TERF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform TRF1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 9739097 Telomeric repeat binding factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 7502076 TESK2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Dual UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96S53 specificity testis-specific protein kinase 2, protein from Homo sapiens TF65 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 3140380 Transcription factor p65, protein from Homo sapiens TF7L1 HUMAN Transcription factor 7-like UniProt NAS PMID: 11085512 1, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 1741298 TF7L2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 10919662 Transcription factor 7-like 2, protein from Homo sapiens TFE2 HUMAN Splice Isoform E12 of UniProt NAS PMID: 2493990 Transcription factor E2-alpha, protein from Homo sapiens TFEB HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 2115126 Transcription factor EB, protein from Homo sapiens TGIF2 HUMAN Homeobox protein TGIF2, UniProt TAS PMID: 11006116 protein from Homo sapiens THB1 HUMAN Thyroid hormone receptor UniProt TAS PMID: 1618799 beta-1, protein from Homo sapiens THB2 HUMAN Thyroid hormone receptor UniProt TAS PMID: 1618799 beta-2, protein from Homo sapiens THOC1 HUMAN THO complex subunit 1, UniProt TAS PMID: 7525595 protein from Homo sapiens TIAF1 HUMAN TGFB1-induced anti- UniProt NAS PMID: 9918798 apoptotic factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens TIF1A HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt TAS PMID: 9115274 Transcription intermediary factor 1-alpha, protein from Homo sapiens TIF1G HUMAN Splice Isoform Alpha of UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UPN9 Transcription intermediary factor 1-gamma, protein from Homo sapiens TIM HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IC PMID: 9856465 Timeless homolog, protein from Homo sapiens TIP60 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Histone UniProt TAS PMID: 8607265 acetyltransferase HTATIP, protein from Homo sapiens TITF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Thyroid UniProt NAS UniProt: P43699 transcription factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens TLE1 HUMAN Transducin-like enhancer UniProt TAS PMID: 1303260 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens TLE2 HUMAN Transducin-like enhancer UniProt TAS PMID: 1303260 protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens TLE3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 1303260 Transducin-like enhancer protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens TLE4 HUMAN TLE4 protein, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 1303260 from Homo sapiens TLK1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IEP PMID: 10523312 Serine/threonine-protein kinase tousled-like 1, protein from Homo sapiens TAS PMID: 9427565 TLK2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IEP PMID: 9427565 Serine/threonine-protein kinase tousled-like 2, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 98087437 TNAP3 HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor, UniProt IDA PMID: 11463333 alpha-induced protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens TNPO1 HUMAN Importin beta-2 subunit, UniProt TAS PMID: 9144189 protein from Homo sapiens TNPO2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9298975 Transportin-2, protein from Homo sapiens TOB2 HUMAN Tob2 protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10602502 from Homo sapiens TOP2A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA UniProt TAS PMID: 6267071 topoisomerase 2-alpha, protein from Homo sapiens TOP3A HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of DNA UniProt TAS PMID: 8622991 topoisomerase III alpha, protein from Homo sapiens TOP3B HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA UniProt TAS PMID: 9786843 topoisomerase III beta-1, protein from Homo sapiens TOPB1 HUMAN DNA topoisomerase II UniProt TAS PMID: 9461304 binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens TPX2 HUMAN Targeting protein for Xklp2, UniProt TAS PMID: 9207457 protein from Homo sapiens TR100 HUMAN Thyroid hormone receptor- UniProt IDA PMID: 10235267 associated protein complex 100 kDa component, protein from Homo sapiens TR150 HUMAN Thyroid hormone receptor- UniProt IDA PMID: 10235267 associated protein complex 150 kDa component, protein from Homo sapiens TR240 HUMAN Thyroid hormone receptor- UniProt IDA PMID: 10235267 associated protein complex 240 kDa component, protein from Homo sapiens TR95 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Thyroid UniProt NAS PMID: 10198638 hormone receptor-associated protein complex 95 kDa component, protein from Homo sapiens TRA2A HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt IDA PMID: 9546399 Transformer-2 protein homolog, protein from Homo sapiens TRA2B HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 9546399 Arginine/serine-rich splicing factor 10, protein from Homo sapiens TRABD HUMAN TRABID protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 11463333 from Homo sapiens TRAF4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of TNF UniProt TAS PMID: 7592751 receptor-associated factor 4, protein from Homo sapiens TRBP2 HUMAN TAR RNA-binding protein 2, UniProt TAS PMID: 2011739 protein from Homo sapiens TREF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11349124 Transcriptional-regulating factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens TRI22 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Tripartite UniProt TAS PMID: 7797467 motif protein 22, protein from Homo sapiens TRI32 HUMAN Tripartite motif protein 32, UniProt TAS PMID: 7778269 protein from Homo sapiens TRIB3 HUMAN Tribbles homolog 3, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96RU7 protein from Homo sapiens TRIP4 HUMAN Activating signal cointegrator UniProt IDA PMID: 10454579 1, protein from Homo sapiens TRP13 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Thyroid UniProt TAS PMID: 7776974 receptor-interacting protein 13, protein from Homo sapiens TRRAP HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 9708738 Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein, protein from Homo sapiens TRUA HUMAN tRNA pseudouridine UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y606 synthase A, protein from Homo sapiens TSN HUMAN Translin, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 7663511 Homo sapiens TUB HUMAN Tubby protein homolog, UniProt TAS PMID: 11000483 protein from Homo sapiens TULP3 HUMAN Tubby related protein 3, UniProt NAS PMID: 11375483 protein from Homo sapiens TWST2 HUMAN Twist-related protein 2, UniProt IDA PMID: 11062344 protein from Homo sapiens TYDP1 HUMAN Tyrosyl-DNA UniProt NAS PMID: 10521354 phosphodiesterase 1, protein from Homo sapiens U2AFL HUMAN U2 small nuclear UniProt NAS UniProt: Q15695 ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor 35 kDa subunit related-protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens U360 HUMAN Hypothetical protein UniProt NAS PMID: 10873569 DKFZp586N0222, protein from Homo sapiens UB2R1 HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating UniProt NAS PMID: 8248134 enzyme E2-32 kDa complementing, protein from Homo sapiens UB2V1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9305758 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1, protein from Homo sapiens UB7I1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of E3 UniProt NR UniProt: Q9NWF9 ubiquitin ligase TRIAD3, protein from Homo sapiens UBIQ HUMAN Ubiquitin, protein from UniProt IC PMID: 14528304 Homo sapiens UBP18 HUMAN Ubl carboxyl-terminal UniProt TAS PMID: 10777664 hydrolase 18, protein from Homo sapiens UBP4 HUMAN Splice Isoform UNPEL of UniProt TAS PMID: 8183569 Ubiquitin carboxyl- terminal hydrolase 4, protein from Homo sapiens UBP7 HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl- UniProt TAS PMID: 9130697 terminal hydrolase 7, protein from Homo sapiens UBQL4 HUMAN Ubiquilin-4, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 11001934 Homo sapiens UGTAP HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UGA UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9HD40 suppressor tRNA- associated protein, protein from Homo sapiens UHMK1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8TAS1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase Kist, protein from Homo sapiens UK14 HUMAN Ribonuclease UK114, UniProt TAS PMID: 8530410 protein from Homo sapiens ULE1A HUMAN Ubiquitin-like 1-activating UniProt NAS PMID: 10187858 enzyme E1A, protein from Homo sapiens ISS UniProt: O95717 ISS UniProt: Q9P020 UNG HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of UniProt NAS PMID: 9016624 Uracil-DNA glycosylase, protein from Homo sapiens USF1 HUMAN Upstream stimulatory factor UniProt TAS PMID: 2249772 1, protein from Homo sapiens UTP11 HUMAN Probable U3 small nucleolar UniProt IDA PMID: 12559088 RNA-associated protein 11, protein from Homo sapiens VAV HUMAN Vav proto-oncogene, UniProt NR UniProt: P15498 protein from Homo sapiens VCX1 HUMAN Variable charge X-linked UniProt IDA PMID: 12826317 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens VCX3 HUMAN Variable charge X-linked UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9NNX9 protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens VCXC HUMAN VCX-C protein, protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9H321 from Homo sapiens VGLL1 HUMAN Transcription cofactor UniProt NAS PMID: 10518497 vestigial-like protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens VHL HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Von UniProt TAS PMID: 7604013 Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor, protein from Homo sapiens WBP11 HUMAN WW domain-binding UniProt TAS PMID: 10593949 protein 11, protein from Homo sapiens WDFY1 HUMAN WD repeat and FYVE UniProt IDA PMID: 11739631 domain containing protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens WDR33 HUMAN WD-repeat protein 33, UniProt IDA PMID: 11162572 protein from Homo sapiens WDR3 HUMAN WD-repeat protein 3, UniProt TAS PMID: 10395803 protein from Homo sapiens WDR50 HUMAN WD-repeat protein 50, UniProt IDA PMID: 15199122 protein from Homo sapiens WEE1 HUMAN Wee1-like protein kinase, UniProt TAS PMID: 8348613 protein from Homo sapiens WRB HUMAN Tryptophan-rich protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 9544840 protein from Homo sapiens WRIP1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of ATPase UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96S55 WRNIP1, protein from Homo sapiens WRN HUMAN Werner syndrome ATP- UniProt TAS PMID: 9288107 dependent helicase, protein from Homo sapiens WT1 HUMAN Wilms tumor 1 isoform D, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q16256 protein from Homo sapiens NAS UniProt: P19544 WTAP HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of Wilms' UniProt IDA PMID: 10942595 tumor 1-associating protein, protein from Homo sapiens WWTR1 HUMAN WW domain containing UniProt NAS PMID: 11118213 transcription regulator protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens XAB2 HUMAN XPA-binding protein 2, UniProt IC PMID: 10944529 protein from Homo sapiens XPA HUMAN DNA-repair protein UniProt TAS PMID: 1601884 complementing XP-A cells, protein from Homo sapiens XPO7 HUMAN Exportin-7, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 11071879 Homo sapiens XRN2 HUMAN 5′-3′ exoribonuclease 2, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9H0D6 protein from Homo sapiens YAF2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of YY1- UniProt IDA PMID: 11593398 associated factor 2, protein from Homo sapiens YBOX1 HUMAN Nuclease sensitive UniProt NAS UniProt: P67809 element binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens YBOX2 HUMAN Y-box binding protein 2, UniProt TAS PMID: 10100484 protein from Homo sapiens YETS4 HUMAN YEATS domain- UniProt TAS PMID: 9302258 containing protein 4, protein from Homo sapiens YL1 HUMAN Protein YL-1, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 7702631 from Homo sapiens YYY1 HUMAN Hypothetical protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 8121495 protein from Homo sapiens ZBT16 HUMAN Splice Isoform PLZFB of UniProt IDA PMID: 9294197 Zinc finger and BTB domain- containing protein 16, protein from Homo sapiens ZBT38 HUMAN Zinc finger and BTB domain- UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8NAP3 containing protein 38, protein from Homo sapiens ZBT7A HUMAN Zinc finger and BTB domain- UniProt ISS PMID: 15337766 containing protein 7A, protein from Homo sapiens ZCSL2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of CSL- UniProt IDA PMID: 14980502 type zinc finger- containing protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens ZEP1 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 40, UniProt TAS PMID: 2106471 protein from Homo sapiens ZEP2 HUMAN Human immunodeficiency UniProt NAS UniProt: P31629 virus type I enHancer binding protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens ZF161 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 161 UniProt TAS PMID: 9177479 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens ZFP37 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 37 UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y6Q3 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens ZFP38 HUMAN Hypothetical protein UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y5A6 DKFZp686H10254, protein from Homo sapiens ZFP95 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 95 UniProt NAS PMID: 10585779 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens ZFPL1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt NAS PMID: 9653652 finger protein-like 1, protein from Homo sapiens ZHANG HUMAN Host cell factor-binding UniProt IDA PMID: 15705566 transcription factor Zhangfei, protein from Homo sapiens ZHX1 HUMAN Zinc fingers and UniProt IDA PMID: 12237128 homeoboxes protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens ZHX2 HUMAN Zinc fingers and UniProt IDA PMID: 12741956 homeoboxes protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens ZHX3 HUMAN Zinc fingers and UniProt IDA PMID: 12659632 homeoboxes protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens ZIC1 HUMAN Zinc finger protein ZIC 1, UniProt IDA PMID: 8542595 protein from Homo sapiens ZKSC1 HUMAN Zinc finger with KRAB UniProt NAS PMID: 7557990 and SCAN domain- containing protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens ZMY11 HUMAN Zinc finger MYND domain UniProt TAS PMID: 7621829 containing protein 11, protein from Homo sapiens ZN117 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 117, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q03924 protein from Homo sapiens ZN11A HUMAN Zinc finger protein 11A, UniProt NAS PMID: 8464732 protein from Homo sapiens ZN11B HUMAN Zinc finger protein 11B, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q06732 protein from Homo sapiens ZN123 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 123, UniProt NAS PMID: 1339395 protein from Homo sapiens ZN125 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 125, UniProt NAS PMID: 1339395 protein from Homo sapiens ZN126 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 126, UniProt NAS PMID: 1339395 protein from Homo sapiens ZN131 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt NAS PMID: 7557990 finger protein 131, protein from Homo sapiens ZN134 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 134, UniProt NAS PMID: 7557990 protein from Homo sapiens ZN135 HUMAN Similar to Zinc finger UniProt NAS PMID: 7557990 protein 135, protein from Homo sapiens ZN138 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 138, UniProt NAS PMID: 7557990 protein from Homo sapiens ZN154 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 154, UniProt NAS PMID: 7557990 protein from Homo sapiens ZN165 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 165, UniProt NAS UniProt: P49910 protein from Homo sapiens ZN169 HUMAN KRAB box family protein, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q14929 protein from Homo sapiens ZN184 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 184, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q99676 protein from Homo sapiens ZN195 HUMAN Hypothetical protein UniProt NAS UniProt: O14628 DKFZp666D035, protein from Homo sapiens ZN200 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 200, UniProt NAS UniProt: P98182 protein from Homo sapiens ZN205 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 205, UniProt NAS UniProt: O95201 protein from Homo sapiens ZN207 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt NAS PMID: 9799612 finger protein 207, protein from Homo sapiens ZN208 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 208, UniProt NAS UNIPROT: O43345 protein from Homo sapiens ZN211 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 211 UniProt NAS UniProt: Q13398 isoform 2, protein from Homo sapiens ZN212 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 212, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UDV6 protein from Homo sapiens ZN214 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 214, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UL59 protein from Homo sapiens ZN215 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 215, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UL58 protein from Homo sapiens ZN219 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 219, UniProt TAS PMID: 10819330 protein from Homo sapiens ZN236 HUMAN Similar to Mszf28, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UL36 protein from Homo sapiens ZN253 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 253, UniProt NAS UniProt: O75346 protein from Homo sapiens ZN257 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 257, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y2Q1 protein from Homo sapiens ZN265 HUMAN Splice Isoform ZIS-1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9931435 Zinc finger protein 265, protein from Homo sapiens ZN268 HUMAN Splice Isoform A of Zinc UniProt NAS PMID: 11311945 finger protein 268, protein from Homo sapiens ZN277 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 277, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9NRM2 protein from Homo sapiens ZN278 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt TAS PMID: 10713105 finger protein 278, protein from Homo sapiens ZN282 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 282, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UDV7 protein from Homo sapiens ZN297 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 297, UniProt TAS PMID: 9545376 protein from Homo sapiens ZN331 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 331, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9NQX6 protein from Homo sapiens ZN33A HUMAN Zinc finger protein 33A, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q06730 protein from Homo sapiens ZN33B HUMAN Zinc finger protein 33B, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q06731 protein from Homo sapiens ZN346 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt TAS PMID: 10488071 finger protein 346, protein from Homo sapiens ZN37A HUMAN Zinc finger protein 37A, UniProt NAS PMID: 8464732 protein from Homo sapiens ZN396 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt IMP UniProt: Q96N95 finger protein 396, protein from Homo sapiens ZN398 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt NAS PMID: 11779858 finger protein 398, protein from Homo sapiens ZN482 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 482, UniProt TAS PMID: 7958847 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF19 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 19, UniProt NAS PMID: 7557990 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF22 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 22, UniProt ISS UniProt: P17026 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF24 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 24, UniProt IC PMID: 10585455 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF38 HUMAN KRAB box family protein, UniProt IC PMID: 2288909 protein from Homo sapiens NAS UniProt: Q9NNX8 ZNF41 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt NAS UniProt: P51814 finger protein 41, protein from Homo sapiens ZNF69 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 69, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UC07 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF70 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 70, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UC06 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF71 HUMAN Endothelial zinc finger UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9UC09 protein induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha, protein from Homo sapiens ZNF73 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 73, UniProt NAS UniProt: O43830 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF75 HUMAN Hypothetical protein UniProt NAS UniProt: P51815 DKFZp667L2223, protein from Homo sapiens ZNF79 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 79, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q15937 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF80 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 80, UniProt NAS UniProt: P51504 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF81 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 81, UniProt NAS UniProt: P51508 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF83 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 83, UniProt NAS UniProt: P51522 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF84 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 84, UniProt NAS UniProt: P51523 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF85 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 85, UniProt TAS PMID: 9839802 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF8 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 8, UniProt NAS UniProt: P17098 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF90 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 90, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q03938 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF91 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 91, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q05481 protein from Homo sapiens ZNF92 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt NAS UniProt: Q03936 finger protein 92, protein from Homo sapiens ZNF93 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt NAS UniProt: P35789 finger protein 93, protein from Homo sapiens ZPR1 HUMAN Zinc-finger protein ZPR1, UniProt TAS PMID: 8650580 protein from Homo sapiens ZRF1 HUMAN Zuotin-related factor 1, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q99543 protein from Homo sapiens ZW10 HUMAN Centromere/kinetochore UniProt NAS PMID: 11146660 protein zw10 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens ZWIA HUMAN ZW10 interactor, antisense, UniProt IDA PMID: 8885239 protein from Homo sapiens ZXDA HUMAN Zinc finger X-linked UniProt NAS UniProt: P98168 protein ZXDA, protein from Homo sapiens ZXDB HUMAN Zinc finger X-linked UniProt NAS UniProt: P98169 protein ZXDB, protein from Homo sapiens ACF HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10781591 APOBEC1 complementation factor, protein from Homo sapiens HILS1 HUMAN Spermatid-specific linker UniProt IDA PMID: 12920187 histone H1-like protein, protein from Homo sapiens HNRH1 HUMAN Heterogeneous nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 7499401 ribonucleoprotein H1, protein from Homo sapiens HNRH2 HUMAN Heterogeneous nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 7499401 ribonucleoprotein H′, protein from Homo sapiens HNRH3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 10858537 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H3, protein from Homo sapiens HNRPC HUMAN Full-length cDNA clone UniProt NR UniProt: P07910 CS0DA009YK08 of Neuroblastoma of Homo sapiens, protein from Homo sapiens HNRPF HUMAN Heterogeneous nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 7499401 ribonucleoprotein F, protein from Homo sapiens HNRPG HUMAN Heterogeneous nuclear UniProt NAS PMID: 7692398 ribonucleoprotein G, protein from Homo sapiens HNRPL HUMAN Heterogeneous nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 2687284 ribonucleoprotein L isoform a, protein from Homo sapiens HNRPR HUMAN Heterogeneous nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 9421497 ribonucleoprotein R, protein from Homo sapiens HNRPU HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt TAS PMID: 7509195 Heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U, protein from Homo sapiens HNRU2 HUMAN Heterogeneous nuclear UniProt NAS UniProt: P07029 ribonucleoprotein UP2, protein from Homo sapiens O14979 JKTBP2, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 9538234 Homo sapiens O76022 E1B-55 kDa-associated UniProt TAS PMID: 9733834 protein, protein from Homo sapiens PTBP1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 1641332 Polypyrimidine tract- binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens Q9UCE7 D(TTAGGG)N-binding UniProt TAS PMID: 8321232 protein B37 = TYPE A-B heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein homolog, protein from Homo sapiens RALY HUMAN RNA binding protein, UniProt TAS PMID: 9376072 protein from Homo sapiens ROA0 HUMAN Heterogeneous nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 7585247 ribonucleoprotein A0, protein from Homo sapiens ROA1 HUMAN Heterogeneous nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 8521471 ribonucleoprotein A1 isoform b, protein from Homo sapiens ROA2 HUMAN Splice Isoform B1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 7789969 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1, protein from Homo sapiens O60934 Nibrin, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 9590181 Homo sapiens Q63HR6 Hypothetical protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q63HR6 DKFZp686G19151, protein from Homo sapiens RAD50 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA UniProt TAS PMID: 15279769 repair protein RAD50, protein from Homo sapiens BARX1 HUMAN Homeobox protein BarH-like UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9HBU1 1, protein from Homo sapiens GBX1 HUMAN Homeobox protein GBX-1, UniProt NAS UniProt: Q14549 protein from Homo sapiens HDAC8 HUMAN Splice Isoform 3 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10748112 Histone deacetylase 8, protein from Homo sapiens HMG2 HUMAN High mobility group protein UniProt TAS PMID: 1551873 2, protein from Homo sapiens HXD12 HUMAN Homeo box D12, protein UniProt NAS UniProt: P35452 from Homo sapiens JUN HUMAN Transcription factor AP-1, UniProt TAS PMID: 10918580 protein from Homo sapiens PRRX2 HUMAN Paired mesoderm UniProt NAS UniProt: Q99811 homeobox protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens SMC3 HUMAN Structural maintenance of UniProt NR UniProt: Q9UQE7 chromosome 3, protein from Homo sapiens SMCE1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9435219 SWI/SNF-related matrix- associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1, protein from Homo sapiens TE2IP HUMAN Telomeric repeat binding UniProt TAS PMID: 10850490 factor 2 interacting protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens ZBED1 HUMAN Zinc finger BED domain UniProt TAS PMID: 9887332 containing protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens ZN238 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 238, UniProt TAS PMID: 9756912 protein from Homo sapiens CHK1 HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9382850 kinase Chk1, protein from Homo sapiens CHM1A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11559747 Charged multivesicular body protein 1a, protein from Homo sapiens DMC1 HUMAN Meiotic recombination UniProt TAS PMID: 8602360 protein DMC1/LIM15 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens MCP33 HUMAN Metaphase chromosomal UniProt IDA PMID: 9543011 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens MK67I HUMAN MKI67 FHA domain- UniProt IDA PMID: 11342549 interacting nucleolar phosphoprotein, protein from Homo sapiens NOL6 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS PMID: 11895476 Nucleolar protein 6, protein from Homo sapiens Q8WZ42 Titin, protein from Homo UniProt ISS PMID: 9548712 sapiens TAS PMID: 10481174 RCC1 HUMAN RCC1 protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 15014043 from Homo sapiens RGS12 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Regulator UniProt TAS PMID: 10869340 of G-protein signaling 12, protein from Homo sapiens SMC1A HUMAN Structural maintenance of UniProt TAS PMID: 7757074 chromosome 1-like 1 protein, protein from Homo sapiens SUV91 HUMAN Histone-lysine N- UniProt TAS PMID: 10202156 methyltransferase, H3 lysine-9 specific 1, protein from Homo sapiens TBG1 HUMAN Tubulin gamma-1 chain, UniProt ISS UNIPROT: P23258 protein from Homo sapiens NO55 HUMAN Nucleolar autoantigen No55, UniProt TAS PMID: 8862517 protein from Homo sapiens Q6ZNA8 Hypothetical protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q6ZNA8 FLJ16262, protein from Homo sapiens RAD51 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA UniProt ISS UniProt: Q06609 repair protein RAD51 homolog 1, protein from Homo sapiens STAG3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10698974 Cohesin subunit SA-3, protein from Homo sapiens SYCP2 HUMAN Synaptonemal complex UniProt NAS PMID: 10341103 protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 9592139 Q6PIF2 PREDICTED: hypothetical UniProt ISS PMID: 15944401 protein XP_497609, protein from Homo sapiens Q8N0S2 Conserved hypothetical UniProt ISS PMID: 15944401 protein, protein from Homo sapiens SYCP1 HUMAN Synaptonemal complex UniProt ISS PMID: 15944401 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens NPM2 HUMAN Nucleoplasmin-2, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 12714744 from Homo sapiens Q8N7S8 Hypothetical protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8N7S8 FLJ40400, protein from Homo sapiens Q96GH7 KLHDC3 protein, protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96GH7 from Homo sapiens RCC1 HUMAN RCC1 protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 15014043 from Homo sapiens ATRX HUMAN Splice Isoform 4 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10570185 Transcriptional regulator ATRX, protein from Homo sapiens CBX1 HUMAN Chromobox protein homolog UniProt TAS PMID: 9169582 1, protein from Homo sapiens CBX5 HUMAN Chromobox protein homolog UniProt TAS PMID: 8663349 5, protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y654 Heterochromatin-specific UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9Y654 nonhistone protein, protein from Homo sapiens TB182 HUMAN 182 kDa tankyrase 1- UniProt NAS PMID: 11854288 binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens H2AW HUMAN Core histone macro-H2A.2, UniProt IDA PMID: 11331621 protein from Homo sapiens H2AY HUMAN H2A histone family, UniProt IDA PMID: 11331621 member Y, isoform 3, protein from Homo sapiens Q96AP0 24432 protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 15181449 from Homo sapiens O95268 Origin recognition UniProt NAS PMID: 9765232 complex subunit ORC5T, protein from Homo sapiens Q9NZH2 Replication initiator 1, UniProt TAS PMID: 10606657 protein from Homo sapiens MCM3 HUMAN DNA replication licensing UniProt TAS PMID: 1549468 factor MCM3, protein from Homo sapiens DPOD3 HUMAN DNA polymerase delta UniProt NAS PMID: 10219083 subunit 3, protein from Homo sapiens PCNA HUMAN Proliferating cell nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 2565339 antigen, protein from Homo sapiens RFC3 HUMAN Activator 1 38 kDa subunit, UniProt TAS PMID: 7774928 protein from Homo sapiens RFC4 HUMAN Activator 1 37 kDa subunit, UniProt TAS PMID: 7774928 protein from Homo sapiens RFC5 HUMAN Activator 1 36 kDa subunit, UniProt NAS PMID: 8999859 protein from Homo sapiens RFA1 HUMAN Replication protein A 70 kDa UniProt TAS PMID: 8756712 DNA-binding subunit, protein from Homo sapiens RFA2 HUMAN Replication protein A 32 kDa UniProt TAS PMID: 2406247 subunit, protein from Homo sapiens RFA3 HUMAN Replication protein A 14 kDa UniProt TAS PMID: 8454588 subunit, protein from Homo sapiens RFA4 HUMAN Replication protein A 30 kDa UniProt TAS PMID: 7760808 subunit, protein from Homo sapiens CHRC1 HUMAN Chromatin accessibility UniProt NAS PMID: 10880450 complex protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens Q9P288 TOK-1alpha, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 10878006 from Homo sapiens AKAP6 HUMAN A-kinase anchor protein 6, UniProt IDA PMID: 10413680 protein from Homo sapiens ANX11 HUMAN Annexin A11, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 12577318 from Homo sapiens ATF6A HUMAN Cyclic AMP-dependent UniProt TAS PMID: 10866666 transcription factor ATF-6 alpha, protein from Homo sapiens CBX5 HUMAN Chromobox protein homolog UniProt TAS PMID: 8663349 5, protein from Homo sapiens CENPF HUMAN CENP-F kinetochore protein, UniProt IDA PMID: 12154071 protein from Homo sapiens CLIC1 HUMAN Chloride intracellular UniProt IDA PMID: 9139710 channel protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens EMD HUMAN Emerin, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 8589715 Homo sapiens GNAZ HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding UniProt TAS PMID: 2117645 protein G(z), alpha subunit, protein from Homo sapiens HAX1 HUMAN HS1-associating protein X-1, UniProt TAS PMID: 9058808 protein from Homo sapiens LAP2A HUMAN Lamina-associated UniProt TAS PMID: 8530026 polypeptide 2 isoform alpha, protein from Homo sapiens LAP2B HUMAN ThymopoieTin isoform beTa, UniProt TAS PMID: 8530026 protein from Homo sapiens LIS1 HUMAN Platelet-activating factor UniProt IDA PMID: 11940666 acetylhydrolase IB alpha subunit, protein from Homo sapiens LY10 HUMAN Splice Isoform LYSp100-B of UniProt TAS PMID: 8695863 Nuclear body protein SP140, protein from Homo sapiens MYOF HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10607832 Myoferlin, protein from Homo sapiens PE2R3 HUMAN Splice Isoform EP3A of UniProt TAS PMID: 10336471 Prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP3 subtype, protein from Homo sapiens PTGDS HUMAN Prostaglandin-H2 D- UniProt ISS UniProt: P41222 isomerase precursor, protein from Homo sapiens Q86UU5 Gametogenetin protein 1a, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q86UU5 protein from Homo sapiens Q9UN92 Nurim, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 10402458 Homo sapiens RTN4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11126360 Reticulon-4, protein from Homo sapiens S10A6 HUMAN Calcyclin, protein from UniProt NAS PMID: 12577318 Homo sapiens SRBP1 HUMAN Sterol regulatory element UniProt TAS PMID: 8156598 binding transcription factor 1, isoform a, protein from Homo sapiens SYNE1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Nesprin-1, UniProt IDA PMID: 11792814 protein from Homo sapiens TIP30 HUMAN Conserved hypothetical UniProt IDA PMID: 15282309 protein, protein from Homo sapiens TREX1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Three UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9Y4X2 prime repair exonuclease 1, protein from Homo sapiens ISS UniProt: Q8TEU2 NAS PMID: 10391904 UN84B HUMAN Sad1/unc-84-like protein 2, UniProt TAS PMID: 10375507 protein from Homo sapiens LMNB2 HUMAN Lamin B2, protein from UniProt NAS UniProt: Q03252 Homo sapiens Q9UHQ1 Nuclear prelamin A UniProt TAS PMID: 10514485 recognition factor, protein from Homo sapiens LMNA HUMAN Splice Isoform A of UniProt TAS PMID: 10080180 Lamin A/C, protein from Homo sapiens LMNB1 HUMAN Lamin B1, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 7557986 Homo sapiens Q9BWC6 Nuclear prelamin A UniProt IDA PMID: 10514485 recognition factor, isoform b, protein from Homo sapiens RM19 HUMAN 39S ribosomal protein L19, UniProt IDA PMID: 10942595 mitochondrial precursor, protein from Homo sapiens SCRN1 HUMAN Secernin-1, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 10942595 Homo sapiens TAGL2 HUMAN Transgelin-2, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 10942595 from Homo sapiens WTAP HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of Wilms' UniProt IDA PMID: 10942595 tumor 1-associating protein, protein from Homo sapiens AT11B HUMAN Probable phospholipid- UniProt NAS PMID: 11790799 transporting ATPase IF, protein from Homo sapiens MATR3 HUMAN Matrin-3, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 2033075 Homo sapiens LBR HUMAN Lamin-B receptor, UniProt TAS PMID: 8157662 protein from Homo sapiens MAN1 HUMAN Inner nuclear membrane UniProt TAS PMID: 10671519 protein Man1, protein from Homo sapiens PSN1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9298903 Presenilin-1, protein from Homo sapiens PSN2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9298903 Presenilin-2, protein from Homo sapiens DHCR7 HUMAN 7-dehydrocholesterol UniProt IDA PMID: 9878250 reductase, protein from Homo sapiens GUC2D HUMAN Retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 UniProt TAS PMID: 7777544 precursor, protein from Homo sapiens GUC2F HUMAN Retinal guanylyl cyclase 2 UniProt TAS PMID: 7777544 precursor, protein from Homo sapiens Q6NUM9 All-trans-13,14- UniProt ISS PMID: 15358783 dihydroretinol saturase, protein from Homo sapiens RAE1L HUMAN mRNA-associated protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9256445 mrnp 41, protein from Homo sapiens colocalizes_with AAAS HUMAN Aladin, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 12730363 Homo sapiens DD19B HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of ATP- UniProt TAS PMID: 10428971 dependent RNA helicase DDX19B, protein from Homo sapiens RAE1L HUMAN mRNA-associated protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9256445 mrnp 41, protein from Homo sapiens IMA1 HUMAN Importin alpha-1 subunit, UniProt TAS PMID: 8052633 protein from Homo sapiens IMA3 HUMAN Importin alpha-3 subunit, UniProt TAS PMID: 9154134 protein from Homo sapiens IMB1 HUMAN Importin beta-1 subunit, UniProt TAS PMID: 7627554 protein from Homo sapiens IMB3 HUMAN Importin beta-3, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9271386 from Homo sapiens colocalizes_with IPO4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 11823430 Importin-4, protein from Homo sapiens IPO7 HUMAN Importin-7, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 9214382 Homo sapiens NU107 HUMAN Nuclear pore complex UniProt IDA PMID: 11564755 protein Nup107, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 11684705 NU133 HUMAN Nuclear pore complex UniProt IDA PMID: 11684705 protein Nup133, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 11564755 NU153 HUMAN Nuclear pore complex UniProt TAS PMID: 8110839 protein Nup153, protein from Homo sapiens NU160 HUMAN NucleoporiN 160 kDa, UniProt IDA PMID: 11564755 protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 11684705 NU205 HUMAN Nuclear pore complex UniProt NAS PMID: 9348540 protein Nup205, protein from Homo sapiens NU214 HUMAN Nuclear pore complex UniProt TAS PMID: 8108440 protein Nup214, protein from Homo sapiens NUP50 HUMAN Nucleoporin 50 kDa, UniProt TAS PMID: 10449902 protein from Homo sapiens NUP54 HUMAN Nucleoporin 54 kDa variant, UniProt TAS PMID: 870784 protein from Homo sapiens NUP62 HUMAN Nuclear pore glycoprotein UniProt IDA PMID: 1915414 p62, protein from Homo sapiens NUP88 HUMAN Nuclear pore complex UniProt TAS PMID: 9049309 protein Nup88, protein from Homo sapiens NUP98 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Nuclear UniProt IDA PMID: 9348540 pore complex protein Nup98-Nup96 precursor, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 10087256 NUPL HUMAN Nucleoporin-like protein RIP, UniProt TAS PMID: 7637788 protein from Homo sapiens NXT1 HUMAN NTF2-related export protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10567585 1, protein from Homo sapiens O75761 Ranbp3 protein, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 9637251 from Homo sapiens Q6GTM2 Nucleoporin 62 kDa, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q6GTM2 protein from Homo sapiens RAE1L HUMAN mRNA-associated protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9256445 mrnp 41, protein from Homo sapiens RAN HUMAN GTP-binding nuclear UniProt NAS PMID: 8421051 protein RAN, protein from Homo sapiens RBP17 HUMAN Ran-binding protein 17, UniProt NAS PMID: 11024021 protein from Homo sapiens RBP23 HUMAN Ran-binding protein 2-like UniProt NAS PMID: 9480752 3, protein from Homo sapiens RBP2 HUMAN Ran-binding protein 2, UniProt TAS PMID: 7603572 protein from Homo sapiens RGP1 HUMAN Ran GTPase-activating UniProt TAS PMID: 8978815 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens RNUT1 HUMAN SNURPORTIN1, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9670026 from Homo sapiens SENP2 HUMAN Sentrin-specific protease 2, UniProt IDA PMID: 12192048 protein from Homo sapiens TPR HUMAN Translocated promoter UniProt TAS PMID: 7798308 region, protein from Homo sapiens XPO7 HUMAN Exportin-7, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 11024021 Homo sapiens EXOS3 HUMAN Exosome complex UniProt IDA PMID: 11110791 exonuclease RRP40, protein from Homo sapiens EXOS9 HUMAN Polymyositis/scleroderma UniProt NAS PMID: 11879549 autoantigen 1, protein from Homo sapiens O60934 Nibrin, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 12447371 Homo sapiens Q63HR6 Hypothetical protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q63HR6 DKFZp686G19151, protein from Homo sapiens Q9BWC6 Nuclear prelamin A UniProt IDA PMID: 10514485 recognition factor, isoform b, protein from Homo sapiens CENPF HUMAN CENP-F kinetochore protein, UniProt IDA PMID: 7542657 protein from Homo sapiens CHM1A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11559747 Charged multivesicular body protein 1a, protein from Homo sapiens DNM3A HUMAN DNA, protein from Homo UniProt ISS PMID: 12138111 sapiens ERCC8 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA UniProt IDA PMID: 11782547 excision repair protein ERCC-8, protein from Homo sapiens MYB HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Myb UniProt NAS PMID: 3014652 proto-oncogene protein, protein from Homo sapiens P53 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11080164 Cellular tumor antigen p53, protein from Homo sapiens PML HUMAN Splice Isoform PML-1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9294197 Probable transcription factor PML, protein from Homo sapiens Q86XF5 DNA cytosine UniProt ISS PMID: 12138111 methyltransferase 3 alpha, isoform a, protein from Homo sapiens Q8IZV0 DNA cytosine UniProt IDA PMID: 12138111 methyltransferase 3 alpha isoform b, protein from Homo sapiens SMC3 HUMAN Structural maintenance of UniProt IDA PMID: 11590136 chromosome 3, protein from Homo sapiens SMRCD HUMAN SWI/SNF-related, matrix UniProt NAS PMID: 11031099 associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A containing DEAD/H box 1, protein from Homo sapiens SPTN4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11294830 Spectrin beta chain, brain 3, protein from Homo sapiens TEP1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 7876352 Telomerase protein component 1, protein from Homo sapiens ARSA1 HUMAN Arsenical pump-driving UniProt TAS PMID: 9736449 ATPase, protein from Homo sapiens EXOS9 HUMAN Polymyositis/scleroderma UniProt TAS PMID: 2007859 autoantigen 1, protein from Homo sapiens P53 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 12080348 Cellular tumor antigen p53, protein from Homo sapiens DDX21 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of UniProt TAS PMID: 8614622 Nucleolar RNA helicase 2, protein from Homo sapiens DDX54 HUMAN ATP-dependent RNA UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9BRZ1 helicase DDX54, protein from Homo sapiens DDX56 HUMAN Probable ATP-dependent UniProt TAS PMID: 10749921 RNA helicase DDX56, protein from Homo sapiens DEDD2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA- UniProt IDA PMID: 11741985 binding death effector domain-containing protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens DEDD HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Death UniProt ISS UniProt: O75618 effector domain- containing protein, protein from Homo sapiens DKC1 HUMAN H/ACA ribonucleoprotein UniProt TAS PMID: 10556300 complex subunit 4, protein from Homo sapiens DNJB9 HUMAN DnaJ homolog subfamily UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9UBS3 B member 9, protein from Homo sapiens EXOS1 HUMAN 3′-5′ exoribonuclease UniProt IDA PMID: 11812149 CSL4 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens EXOS4 HUMAN Exosome complex UniProt NAS PMID: 11110791 exonuclease RRP41, protein from Homo sapiens EXOS5 HUMAN Exosome complex UniProt NAS PMID: 11110791 exonuclease RRP46, protein from Homo sapiens EXOS9 HUMAN Polymyositis/scleroderma UniProt TAS PMID: 2007859 autoantigen 1, protein from Homo sapiens EXOSX HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 1383382 Exosome component 10, protein from Homo sapiens FXR1 HUMAN Fragile X mental retardation UniProt TAS PMID: 10888599 syndrome-related protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens GEMI4 HUMAN Component of gems 4, UniProt TAS PMID: 10725331 protein from Homo sapiens GNL3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Guanine UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9BVP2 nucleotide binding protein-like 3, protein from Homo sapiens IF16 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of Gamma- UniProt IDA PMID: 14654789 interferon-inducible protein Ifi-16, protein from Homo sapiens ILF2 HUMAN Interleukin enhancer-binding UniProt IDA PMID: 11790298 factor 2, protein from Homo sapiens IMP3 HUMAN U3 small nucleolar UniProt IDA PMID: 12655004 ribonucleoprotein protein IMP3, protein from Homo sapiens IMP4 HUMAN U3 small nucleolar UniProt IDA PMID: 12655004 ribonucleoprotein protein IMP4, protein from Homo sapiens KI67 HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt NR UniProt: P46013 Antigen KI-67, protein from Homo sapiens MBB1A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Myb- UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9BQG0 binding protein 1A, protein from Homo sapiens MDM2 HUMAN Splice Isoform Mdm2 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10707090 Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 Mdm2, protein from Homo sapiens MK67I HUMAN MKI67 FHA domain- UniProt IDA PMID: 11342549 interacting nucleolar phosphoprotein, protein from Homo sapiens MO4L2 HUMAN Mortality factor 4-like UniProt IDA PMID: 10942595 protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens NEK11 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 15161910 Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek11, protein from Homo sapiens NHPX HUMAN NHP2-like protein 1, UniProt TAS PMID: 10593953 protein from Homo sapiens NO55 HUMAN Nucleolar autoantigen No55, UniProt TAS PMID: 8862517 protein from Homo sapiens NOL1 HUMAN Proliferating-cell UniProt TAS PMID: 1394192 nucleolar antigen p120, protein from Homo sapiens NOL3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10196175 Nucleolar protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens NOL4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9813152 Nucleolar protein 4, protein from Homo sapiens NOL6 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS PMID: 11895476 Nucleolar protein 6, protein from Homo sapiens NOLC1 HUMAN Nucleolar and coiled-body UniProt TAS PMID: 7657714 phosphoprotein 1, protein from Homo sapiens NOP56 HUMAN Nucleolar protein Nop56, UniProt TAS PMID: 9372940 protein from Homo sapiens NOP5 HUMAN Nucleolar protein NOP5, UniProt TAS PMID: 10925205 protein from Homo sapiens NPA1P HUMAN Nucleolar preribosomal- UniProt NAS PMID: 12429849 associated protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens NPM HUMAN Nucleophosmin, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 12080348 from Homo sapiens NUCL HUMAN Nucleolin, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 2394707 Homo sapiens O00366 Putative p150, protein UniProt ISS UniProt: O00366 from Homo sapiens OASL HUMAN Splice Isoform p56 of 59 kDa UniProt TAS PMID: 9826176 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like protein, protein from Homo sapiens P53 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 12080348 Cellular tumor antigen p53, protein from Homo sapiens PNMA1 HUMAN Paraneoplastic antigen Ma1, UniProt TAS PMID: 10050892 protein from Homo sapiens PTBP1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 1641332 Polypyrimdine tract- binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens Q76D35 Nop132, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 14660641 Homo sapiens Q8WYJ1 MDM2 protein, protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8WYJ1 from Homo sapiens Q8WYJ2 MDM2 protein, protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8WYJ2 from Homo sapiens Q96Q89 M-phase phosphoprotein 1, UniProt IDA PMID: 11470801 protein from Homo sapiens Q9H2G4 CTCL tumor antigense 20-4, UniProt IDA PMID: 11395479 protein from Homo sapiens Q9P1T7 HIC protein isoform p40, UniProt NAS PMID: 10671520 protein from Homo sapiens Q9UFR5 M-phase phosphoprotein 1, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9UFR5 protein from Homo sapiens RCL1 HUMAN RNA 3′-terminal phosphate UniProt NAS UniProt: Q9Y2P8 cyclase-like protein, protein from Homo sapiens DKC1 HUMAN H/ACA ribonucleoprotein UniProt TAS PMID: 10556300 complex subunit 4, protein from Homo sapiens IF16 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of UniProt IDA PMID: 14654789 Gamma-interferon- inducible protein Ifi-16, protein from Homo sapiens RL35 HUMAN 60S ribosomal protein L35, UniProt TAS PMID: 2891103 protein from Homo sapiens RL3 HUMAN 60S ribosomal protein L3, UniProt TAS PMID: 2891103 protein from Homo sapiens RPF1 HUMAN Ribosome production factor UniProt IDA PMID: 12429849 1, protein from Homo sapiens RS7 HUMAN 40S ribosomal protein S7, UniProt IDA PMID: 11823430 protein from Homo sapiens S29A2 HUMAN Solute carrier family 29 UniProt TAS PMID: 7639753 (Nucleoside transporters), member 2, protein from Homo sapiens SRP68 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Signal UniProt TAS PMID: 10618370 recognition particle 68 kDa protein, protein from Homo sapiens SUH HUMAN Splice Isoform APCR-2 of UniProt IDA PMID: 9874765 Recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless, protein from Homo sapiens TCOF HUMAN Treacle protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 15249688 from Homo sapiens UBF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform UBF1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 2330041 Nucleolar transcription factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens VCX1 HUMAN Variable charge X-linked UniProt IEP PMID: 12826317 protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens VCX3 HUMAN Variable charge X-linked UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9NNX9 protein 3, protein from Homo sapiens VCXC HUMAN VCX-C protein, protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9H321 from Homo sapiens ZN239 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 239, UniProt NR UniProt: Q16600 protein from Homo sapiens ZN274 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt TAS PMID: 10777669 finger protein 274, protein from Homo sapiens ZN330 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 330, UniProt IDA PMID: 10593942 protein from Homo sapiens ZN346 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt TAS PMID: 10488071 finger protein 346, protein from Homo sapiens ZPR1 HUMAN Zinc-finger protein ZPR1, UniProt TAS PMID: 9763455 protein from Homo sapiens RPA1 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt NAS UniProt: O95602 polymerase I largest subunit, protein from Homo sapiens RPA5 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA- UniProt TAS PMID: 9540830 directed RNA polymerase I 40 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens SURF6 HUMAN Surfeit locus protein 6, UniProt ISS UniProt: O75683 protein from Homo sapiens POP1 HUMAN Ribonucleases P/MRP UniProt IDA PMID: 8918471 protein subunit POP1, protein from Homo sapiens POP7 HUMAN Ribonuclease P protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9630247 subunit p20, protein from Homo sapiens RP30 HUMAN Ribonuclease P protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9630247 subunit p30, protein from Homo sapiens RPP38 HUMAN Ribonuclease P protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9630247 subunit p38, protein from Homo sapiens RPP40 HUMAN Ribonuclease P protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9630247 subunit p40, protein from Homo sapiens BAZ2A HUMAN Hypothetical protein UniProt NAS PMID: 10662543 DKFZp781B109, protein from Homo sapiens POP1 HUMAN Ribonucleases P/MRP UniProt IDA PMID: 8918471 protein subunit POP1, protein from Homo sapiens RP29 HUMAN Ribonuclease P protein UniProt TAS PMID: 10352175 subunit p29, protein from Homo sapiens O15446 Nucleolar fibrillar center UniProt TAS PMID: 9426281 protein, protein from Homo sapiens MPP10 HUMAN U3 small nucleolar UniProt NAS PMID: 9450966 ribonucleoprotein protein MPP10, protein from Homo sapiens NOLA2 HUMAN H/ACA ribonucleoprotein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9NX24 complex subunit 2, protein from Homo sapiens NOLA3 HUMAN H/ACA ribonucleoprotein UniProt TAS PMID: 9843512 complex subunit 3, protein from Homo sapiens U3IP2 HUMAN U3 small nucleolar RNA- UniProt TAS PMID: 9418896 interacting protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens 3MG HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA- UniProt TAS PMID: 10854423 3-methyladenine glycosylase, protein from Homo sapiens ANX11 HUMAN Annexin A11, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 12577318 from Homo sapiens ATF6A HUMAN Cyclic AMP-dependent UniProt TAS PMID: 10866666 transcription factor ATF-6 alpha, protein from Homo sapiens ATX3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Machado- UniProt TAS PMID: 9580663 Joseph disease protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens CB80 HUMAN 80 kDa nuclear cap UniProt TAS PMID: 7937105 binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens CBX1 HUMAN Chromobox protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9169582 homolog 1, protein from Homo sapiens CPSF3 HUMAN Cleavage and polyadenylation UniProt TAS PMID: 7969155 specificity factor, 73 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens DKC1 HUMAN H/ACA ribonucleoprotein UniProt TAS PMID: 10556300 complex subunit 4, protein from Homo sapiens DPOQ HUMAN DNA polymerase theta, UniProt TAS PMID: 10395804 protein from Homo sapiens FMR1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 6 of Fragile X UniProt TAS PMID: 10888599 mental retardation 1 protein, protein from Homo sapiens FUSIP HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of FUS- UniProt IDA PMID: 11684676 interacting serine- arginine-rich protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens GIT2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of ARF UniProt IDA PMID: 10942595 GTPase-activating protein GIT2, protein from Homo sapiens HNRPL HUMAN Heterogeneous nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 2687284 ribonucleoprotein L isoform a, protein from Homo sapiens HSP1 HUMAN Sperm protamine P1, UniProt TAS PMID: 2081589 protein from Homo sapiens IF16 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of UniProt IDA PMID: 14654789 Gamma-interferon- inducible protein Ifi-16, protein from Homo sapiens IMA2 HUMAN Importin alpha-2 subunit, UniProt TAS PMID: 7565597 protein from Homo sapiens ISG20 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9235947 Interferon-stimulated gene 20 kDa protein, protein from Homo sapiens LY10 HUMAN Splice Isoform LYSp100-B of UniProt TAS PMID: 8695863 Nuclear body protein SP140, protein from Homo sapiens MCRS1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9765390 Microspherule protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens MDM2 HUMAN Splice Isoform Mdm2 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10707090 Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 Mdm2, protein from Homo sapiens MK67I HUMAN MKI67 FHA domain- UniProt IDA PMID: 11342549 interacting nucleolar phosphoprotein, protein from Homo sapiens MRE11 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9651580 Double-strand break repair protein MRE11A, protein from Homo sapiens NB6M HUMAN Cell death-regulatory UniProt IDA PMID: 10924506 protein GRIM19, protein from Homo sapiens NUP54 HUMAN Nucleoporin 54 kDa variant, UniProt TAS PMID: 8707840 protein from Homo sapiens NUP98 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 7736573 pore complex protein Nup98-Nup96 precursor, protein from Homo sapiens OGG1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2A of N- UniProt TAS PMID: 9223305 glycosylase/DNA lyase, protein from Homo sapiens P53 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11080164 Cellular tumor antigen p53, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 12915590 PHB HUMAN Prohibitin, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 12466959 Homo sapiens PML HUMAN Splice Isoform PML-1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 12915590 Probable transcription factor PML, protein from Homo sapiens TAS PMID: 9294197 POLH HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA UniProt TAS PMID: 10385124 polymerase eta, protein from Homo sapiens POLI HUMAN DNA polymerase iota, UniProt TAS PMID: 10458907 protein from Homo sapiens PPIG HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9153302 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G, protein from Homo sapiens PRM2 HUMAN Protamine-2, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 2081589 from Homo sapiens PTBP1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 1641332 Polypyrimidine tract- binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens Q8WYJ1 MDM2 protein, protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8WYJ1 from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 12915590 Q8WYJ2 MDM2 protein, protein UniProt ISS UniProt: Q8WYJ2 from Homo sapiens Q96Q89 M-phase phosphoprotein 1, UniProt IDA PMID: 11470801 protein from Homo sapiens Q96SB3 Neurabin II protein, UniProt IMP PMID: 11278317 protein from Homo sapiens Q9UFR5 M-phase phosphoprotein 1, UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9UFR5 protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y654 Heterochromatin-specific UniProt ISS UniProt: Q9Y654 nonhistone protein, protein from Homo sapiens RECQ5 HUMAN Splice Isoform Alpha of UniProt NAS PMID: 10710432 ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q5, protein from Homo sapiens RNPC2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of RNA- UniProt TAS PMID: 8227358 binding region containing protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens ROA1 HUMAN Heterogeneous nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 8521471 ribonucleoprotein A1 isoform b, protein from Homo sapiens RTC1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of RNA UniProt TAS PMID: 9184239 3′-terminal phosphate cyclase, protein from Homo sapiens SMCA2 HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt TAS PMID: 8670841 Possible global transcription activator SNF2L2, protein from Homo sapiens SMCA4 HUMAN Possible global transcription UniProt TAS PMID: 8208605 activator SNF2L4, protein from Homo sapiens SMCA5 HUMAN SWI/SNF-related matrix UniProt TAS PMID: 9730600 associated actin dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 5, protein from Homo sapiens SMRC1 HUMAN SWI/SNF-related matrix- UniProt TAS PMID: 8804307 associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily C member 1, protein from Homo sapiens SMRD2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 8804307 SWI/SNF-related matrix- associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 2, protein from Homo sapiens SMRD3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 8804307 SWI/SNF-related matrix- associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 3, protein from Homo sapiens SNF5 HUMAN Splice Isoform A of UniProt TAS PMID: 7801128 SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1, protein from Homo sapiens SRR35 HUMAN OTTHUMP00000016846, UniProt ISS PMID: 11684676 protein from Homo sapiens SYMPK HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 8769423 Symplekin, protein from Homo sapiens TDG HUMAN G/T mismatch-specific UniProt TAS PMID: 9489705 thymine DNA glycosylase, protein from Homo sapiens TP53B HUMAN Tumor suppressor p53- UniProt IDA PMID: 9748285 binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens UNG2 HUMAN Uracil-DNA glycosylase 2, UniProt IDA PMID: 12161446 protein from Homo sapiens WDHD1 HUMAN WD repeat and HMG-box UniProt TAS PMID: 9175701 DNA binding protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens XPO1 HUMAN Exportin-1, protein from UniProt TAS PMID: 9368044 Homo sapiens ZN638 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Zinc UniProt TAS PMID: 8647861 finger protein 638, protein from Homo sapiens ESR1 HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt NAS PMID: 12351687 Estrogen receptor, protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y294 ASF1A protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 10759893 from Homo sapiens SMRD1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 9693044 SWI/SNF-related matrix- associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 1, protein from Homo sapiens CHRC1 HUMAN Chromatin accessibility UniProt NAS PMID: 10880450 complex protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens CAF1A HUMAN Chromatin assembly UniProt TAS PMID: 7600578 factor 1, subunit A, protein from Homo sapiens CAF1B HUMAN Chromatin assembly UniProt TAS PMID: 7600578 factor 1 subunit B, protein from Homo sapiens NP1L1 HUMAN Nucleosome assembly UniProt TAS PMID: 8297347 protein 1-like 1, protein from Homo sapiens NP1L2 HUMAN Nucleosome assembly UniProt TAS PMID: 8789438 protein 1-like 2, protein from Homo sapiens NP1L3 HUMAN Nucleosome assembly UniProt TAS PMID: 8976385 protein 1-like 3, protein from Homo sapiens NP1L4 HUMAN Nucleosome assembly UniProt TAS PMID: 9325046 protein 1-like 4, protein from Homo sapiens SIRT2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of NAD- UniProt NAS PMID: 12697818 dependent deacetylase sirtuin-2, protein from Homo sapiens HBXAP HUMAN Remodeling and spacing UniProt IPI PMID: 9836642 factoR 1, protein from Homo sapiens SMCA5 HUMAN SWI/SNF-related matrix UniProt IPI PMID: 9836642 associated actin dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 5, protein from Homo sapiens ACL6B HUMAN Actin-like protein 6B, UniProt ISS UniProt: O94805 protein from Homo sapiens ARI1A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of AT- UniProt ISS UniProt: O14497 rich interactive domain- containing protein 1A, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 9584200 ARI1B HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of AT- UniProt IDA PMID: 11734557 rich interactive domain- containing protein 1B, protein from Homo sapiens NCTR1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Natural UniProt ISS UniProt: O76036 cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 precursor, protein from Homo sapiens SMRC1 HUMAN SWI/SNF-related matrix- UniProt IDA PMID: 10078207 associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily C member 1, protein from Homo sapiens SMRC2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10078207 SWI/SNF-related matrix- associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily C member 2, protein from Homo sapiens SMRD3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 14701856 SWI/SNF-related matrix- associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 3, protein from Homo sapiens HCLS1 HUMAN Hematopoietic lineage UniProt TAS PMID: 2587259 cell-specific protein, protein from Homo sapiens MED21 HUMAN Mediator of RNA polymerase UniProt TAS PMID: 8598913 II transcription subunit 21, protein from Homo sapiens PRGC1 HUMAN Peroxisome proliferator- UniProt TAS PMID: 12588810 activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, protein from Homo sapiens Q15161 POLR2 protein, protein UniProt NAS PMID: 3145407 from Homo sapiens Q99590 SRrp129 protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 9224939 from Homo sapiens RMP HUMAN RNA polymerase II UniProt TAS PMID: 9819440 subunit 5-mediating protein, protein from Homo sapiens RPB11 HUMAN RPB11a protein, protein UniProt TAS PMID: 8797801 from Homo sapiens RPB1 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt TAS PMID: 2999107 polymerase II largest subunit, protein from Homo sapiens RPB2 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt TAS PMID: 1518060 polymerase II 140 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens RPB3 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt NR UniProt: P19387 polymerase II 33 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens RPB4 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt IC PMID: 9528765 polymerase II 16 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens RPB5 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt TAS PMID: 7828586 polymerase II 23 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens RPB9 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt NR UniProt: P36954 polymerase II 14.5 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens RPC10 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt NR UniProt: P53803 polymerases I, II, and III 7.0 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens ZN148 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 148, UniProt TAS PMID: 8355710 protein from Homo sapiens ZN281 HUMAN Zinc finger protein 281, UniProt TAS PMID: 10448078 protein from Homo sapiens BCL6 HUMAN B-cell lymphoma 6 protein, UniProt NR UniProt: P41182 protein from Homo sapiens CDK8 HUMAN Cell division protein kinase 8, UniProt IDA PMID: 14638676 protein from Homo sapiens CRSP2 HUMAN CRSP complex subunit 2, UniProt IDA PMID: 10198638 protein from Homo sapiens CRSP6 HUMAN CRSP complex subunit 6, UniProt IDA PMID: 10198638 protein from Homo sapiens MED12 HUMAN Mediator of RNA polymerase UniProt IDA PMID: 10198638 II transcription subunit 12, protein from Homo sapiens MED21 HUMAN Mediator of RNA polymerase UniProt IDA PMID: 12037571 II transcription subunit 21, protein from Homo sapiens MED4 HUMAN Mediator complex subunit 4, UniProt IEP PMID: 10882111 protein from Homo sapiens MED6 HUMAN RNA polymerase UniProt IDA PMID: 14638676 transcriptional regulation mediator, subunit 6 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 12037571 MED8 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Mediator UniProt IDA PMID: 14638676 of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 8 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens PPRB HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10198638 Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q5XX09 Intersex-like protein, UniProt IDA PMID: 14638676 protein from Homo sapiens Q8TDE4 PGC-1-related estrogen UniProt IDA PMID: 11854298 receptor alpha coactivator short isoform, protein from Homo sapiens Q96HR3 TRAP/Mediator complex UniProt IDA PMID: 10198638 component TRAP25, protein from Homo sapiens Q9BUE0 MED18 protein, protein UniProt IDA PMID: 14638676 from Homo sapiens Q9P086 Similar to HSPC296, UniProt IDA PMID: 14638676 protein from Homo sapiens RBM14 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of RNA- UniProt NAS PMID: 11443112 binding protein 14, protein from Homo sapiens SURF5 HUMAN Splice Isoform Surf5A of UniProt IDA PMID: 14638676 Surfeit locus protein 5, protein from Homo sapiens TR100 HUMAN Thyroid hormone receptor- UniProt NAS PMID: 9653119 associated protein complex 100 kDa component, protein from Homo sapiens TR150 HUMAN Thyroid hormone receptor- UniProt IDA PMID: 10198638 associated protein complex 150 kDa component, protein from Homo sapiens TR240 HUMAN Thyroid hormone UniProt IDA PMID: 10198638 receptor-associated protein complex 240 kDa component, protein from Homo sapiens TR95 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10198638 Thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein complex 95 kDa component, protein from Homo sapiens TRFP HUMAN TRF-proximal protein UniProt NAS PMID: 9933582 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens T2AG HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt NAS PMID: 7958900 factor IIA gamma chain, protein from Homo sapiens TF2AA HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt NR UniProt: P52655 factor IIA subunit 1, protein from Homo sapiens colocalizes_with EDF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 12040021 Endothelial differentiation- related factor 1, protein from Homo sapiens O43604 Cofactor of initiator function, UniProt TAS PMID: 9418870 protein from Homo sapiens Q7Z7C8 OTTHUMP00000016392, UniProt IDA PMID: 14580349 protein from Homo sapiens Q9BQS9 TAF3 RNA polymerase II, UniProt IDA PMID: 11438666 TATA box binding protein, protein from Homo sapiens RBP56 HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt NR UnitProt: Q92804 TATA-binding protein associated factor 2N, protein from Homo sapiens TAF10 HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt IDA PMID: 14580349 factor TFIID subunit 10, protein from Homo sapiens TAF11 HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt IDA PMID: 14580349 factor TFIID subunit 11, protein from Homo sapiens TAF12 HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt IDA PMID: 14580349 factor TFIID subunit 12, protein from Homo sapiens TAF13 HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt TAS PMID: 7729427 factor TFIID subunit 13, protein from Homo sapiens TAF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 7680771 Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 1, protein from Homo sapiens TAF1L HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt ISS PMID: 12217962 factor TFIID 210 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens TAF4 HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt IDA PMID: 14580349 factor TFIID subunit 4, protein from Homo sapiens TAF5 HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt IDA PMID: 14580349 Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 5, protein from Homo sapiens TAF6 HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt IDA PMID: 14580349 factor TFIID subunit 6, protein from Homo sapiens TAF7 HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt IDA PMID: 14580349 factor TFIID subunit 7, protein from Homo sapiens TAF9 HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt IDA PMID: 14580349 factor TFIID subunit 9, protein from Homo sapiens TBP HUMAN TATA-box binding protein, UniProt IDA PMID: 14580349 protein from Homo sapiens TAF6 HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt TAS PMID: 7667268 factor TFIID subunit 6, protein from Homo sapiens T2FA HUMAN Transcription initiation UniProt TAS PMID: 1734283 factor IIF alpha subunit, protein from Homo sapiens ERCC2 HUMAN TFIIH basal transcription UniProt TAS PMID: 7663514 factor complex helicase subunit, protein from Homo sapiens ERCC3 HUMAN TFIIH basal transcription UniProt TAS PMID: 7663514 factor complex helicase XPB subunit, protein from Homo sapiens TF2H1 HUMAN TFIIH basal transcription UniProt TAS PMID: 9118947 factor complex p62 subunit, protein from Homo sapiens TF2H2 HUMAN TFIIH basal transcription UniProt NR UniProt: Q13888 factor complex p44 subunit, protein from Homo sapiens TF2H3 HUMAN TFIIH basal transcription UniProt NAS UniProt: Q13889 factor complex p34 subunit, protein from Homo sapiens TF2H4 HUMAN TFIIH basal transcription UniProt TAS PMID: 9118947 factor complex p52 subunit, protein from Homo sapiens RPC10 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt NR UniProt: P53803 polymerases I, II, and III 7.0 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens RPC11 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt TAS PMID: 9869639 polymerases III 12.5 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens RPC1 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt NAS UniProt: O14802 polymerase III largest subunit, protein from Homo sapiens RPC62 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt TAS PMID: 9171375 polymerase III 62 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens RPC6 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt NAS PMID: 10623476 polymerase III 39 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens RPC7 HUMAN DNA-directed RNA UniProt TAS PMID: 9171375 polymerase III 32 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens RPC8 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA- UniProt IDA PMID: 12391170 directed RNA polymerase III subunit 22.9 kDa polypeptide, protein from Homo sapiens MEN1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Menin, UniProt IDA PMID: 14992727 protein from Homo sapiens NSD1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS UniProt: Q96L73 Histone-lysine N- methyltransferase, H3 lysine-36 and H4 lysine- 20 specific, protein from Homo sapiens PCF11 HUMAN Pre-mRNA cleavage UniProt NAS PMID: 11060040 comPlex II Protein Pcf11, protein from Homo sapiens CPSF1 HUMAN Cleavage and polyadenylation UniProt IDA PMID: 7590244 specificity factor, 160 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens GEMI5 HUMAN Gem-associated protein 5, UniProt IDA PMID: 11714716 protein from Homo sapiens GEMI6 HUMAN Gem-associated protein 6, UniProt IDA PMID: 11748230 protein from Homo sapiens GEMI7 HUMAN Gem-associated protein 7, UniProt IDA PMID: 12065586 protein from Homo sapiens HIPK2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 14626429 Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2, protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y474 Zinc-finger motif-enhancer UniProt TAS PMID: 9305772 binding-protein-1, protein from Homo sapiens Q8WWY3 U4/U6 snRNP-associated UniProt IDA PMID: 11867543 61 kDa protein, protein from Homo sapiens SMN HUMAN Splice Isoform SMN of UniProt NAS PMID: 9845364 Survival motor neuron protein, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 8670859 U2AF1 HUMAN Splicing factor U2AF 35 kDa UniProt TAS PMID: 1388271 subunit, protein from Homo sapiens Q8WWY3 U4/U6 snRNP-associated UniProt IDA PMID: 11867543 61 kDa protein, protein from Homo sapiens ZBT16 HUMAN Splice Isoform PLZFB of UniProt IDA PMID: 8541544 Zinc finger and BTB domain- containing protein 16, protein from Homo sapiens ELF4 HUMAN ETS-related transcription UniProt IDA PMID: 14970218 factor Elf-4, protein from Homo sapiens HIPK3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11034606 Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 3, protein from Homo sapiens ISG20 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 9235947 Interferon-stimulated gene 20 kDa protein, protein from Homo sapiens colocalizes_with PML HUMAN Splice Isoform PML-1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10910364 Probable transcription factor PML, protein from Homo sapiens TAS PMID: 9294197 not SFRS2 HUMAN Splicing factor, UniProt IDA PMID: 15652350 arginine/serine-rich 2, protein from Homo sapiens SP100 HUMAN Splice Isoform Sp100- UniProt TAS PMID: 9230084 HMG of Nuclear autoantigen Sp-100, protein from Homo sapiens SPTN4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11294830 Spectrin beta chain, brain 3, protein from Homo sapiens NXF2 HUMAN Nuclear RNA export factor 2, UniProt NAS PMID: 11073998 protein from Homo sapiens NXF3 HUMAN Nuclear RNA export factor 3, UniProt IDA PMID: 11545741 protein from Homo sapiens CDK9 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Cell UniProt TAS PMID: 10866664 division protein kinase 9, protein from Homo sapiens ELL2 HUMAN RNA polymerase II UniProt TAS PMID: 9108030 elongation factor ELL2, protein from Homo sapiens ELL3 HUMAN RNA polymerase II UniProt NAS PMID: 10882741 elongation factor ELL3, protein from Homo sapiens TCEA2 HUMAN Transcription elongation UniProt NAS PMID: 8566795 factor A protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens CRSP3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of CRSP UniProt IDA PMID: 9989412 complex subunit 3, protein from Homo sapiens CRSP6 HUMAN CRSP complex subunit 6, UniProt IDA PMID: 9989412 protein from Homo sapiens CSP9 HUMAN Cofactor required for Sp1 UniProt IDA PMID: 9989412 transcriptional activation subunit 9, protein from Homo sapiens FOXE3 HUMAN Forkhead box protein E3, UniProt IDA PMID: 10652278 protein from Homo sapiens FOXF1 HUMAN Forkhead box protein F1, UniProt TAS PMID: 9722567 protein from Homo sapiens FOXF2 HUMAN Forkhead box protein F2, UniProt TAS PMID: 9722567 protein from Homo sapiens HES6 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS PMID: 10851137 Transcription cofactor HES-6, protein from Homo sapiens KU70 HUMAN ATP-dependent DNA UniProt IDA PMID: 12145306 helicase II, 70 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens LMO4 HUMAN LIM domain transcription UniProt ISS UniProt: P61968 factor LMO4, protein from Homo sapiens NARG1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of NMDA UniProt IDA PMID: 12145306 receptor regulated protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens NARGL HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of NMDA UniProt ISS UniProt: Q6N069 receptor regulated 1-like protein, protein from Homo sapiens NCOA6 HUMAN Nuclear receptor coactivator UniProt TAS PMID: 11443112 6, protein from Homo sapiens NKX2S HUMAN Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5, UniProt ISS UniProt: P52952 protein from Homo sapiens Q9UBQ3 Polyamine-modulated factor UniProt TAS PMID: 10419538 1, protein from Homo sapiens Q9UKB0 High mobility group UniProt TAS PMID: 10428834 protein-R, protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y6Y0 Influenza vIrus NS1A UniProt TAS PMID: 9696811 binding protein; NS1- binding protein; likely ortholog of mouse kelch family protein Nd1, protein from Homo sapiens RBM14 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of RNA- UniProt IPI PMID: 11443112 binding protein 14, protein from Homo sapiens SMAD2 HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt ISS UniProt: Q15796 Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, protein from Homo sapiens TCP4 HUMAN Activated RNA polymerase UniProt IDA PMID: 8062391 II transcriptional coactivator p15, protein from Homo sapiens TF65 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 12048232 Transcription factor p65, protein from Homo sapiens WBS14 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 11230181 Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosome region 14 protein, protein from Homo sapiens ING2 HUMAN Inhibitor of growth protein UniProt IDA PMID: 15243141 2, protein from Homo sapiens NFYA HUMAN Splice Isoform Long of UniProt IDA PMID: 15243141 Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha, protein from Homo sapiens NFYB HUMAN Nuclear transcription UniProt IDA PMID: 15243141 factor Y subunit beta, protein from Homo sapiens NFYC HUMAN Splice Isoform 3 of UniProt IDA PMID: 15243141 Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma, protein from Homo sapiens CNOT7 HUMAN CCR4-NOT transcription UniProt NAS PMID: 9820826 complex subumt 7, protein from Homo sapiens TRRAP HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 9885574 Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein, protein from Homo sapiens ACL6A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Actin- UniProt IDA PMID: 10966108 like protein 6A, protein from Homo sapiens ACTB HUMAN Actin, cytoplasmic 1, UniProt IDA PMID: 10966108 protein from Homo sapiens RUVB1 HUMAN RuvB-like 1, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 10966108 Homo sapiens RUVB2 HUMAN RuvB-like 2, protein from UniProt IDA PMID: 10966108 Homo sapiens TIP60 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Histone UniProt IDA PMID: 10966108 acetyltransferase HTATIP, protein from Homo sapiens TRRAP HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 10966108 Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein, protein from Homo sapiens HDA10 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 11861901 Histone deacetylase 10, protein from Homo sapiens HDA11 HUMAN Histone deacetylase 11, UniProt IDA PMID: 11948178 protein from Homo sapiens HDAC1 HUMAN Histone deacetylase 1, UniProt TAS PMID: 12711221 protein from Homo sapiens HDAC2 HUMAN Histone deacetylase 2, UniProt TAS PMID: 12711221 protein from Homo sapiens HDAC3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 12711221 Histone deacetylase 3, protein from Homo sapiens HDAC4 HUMAN Histone deacetylase 4, UniProt TAS PMID: 12711221 protein from Homo sapiens HDAC5 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 12711221 Histone deacetylase 5, protein from Homo sapiens HDAC6 HUMAN Histone deacetylase 6, UniProt IDA PMID: 11948178 protein from Homo sapiens HDAC7 HUMAN Histone deacetylase, UniProt TAS PMID: 12711221 protein from Homo sapiens HDAC8 HUMAN Splice Isoform 3 of UniProt TAS PMID: 12711221 Histone deacetylase 8, protein from Homo sapiens HDAC9 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 12711221 Histone deacetylase 9, protein from Homo sapiens MTA2 HUMAN Metastasis-associated UniProt TAS PMID: 10444591 protein MTA2, protein from Homo sapiens SAP18 HUMAN Sin3 associated UniProt TAS PMID: 9150135 polypeptide p18, protein from Homo sapiens SAP30 HUMAN Histone deacetylase UniProt TAS PMID: 9651585 complex subunit SAP30, protein from Homo sapiens TAF6L HUMAN TAF6-like RNA UniProt TAS PMID: 9674425 polymerase II p300/CBP- associated factor-associated factor 65 kDa subunit 6L, protein from Homo sapiens colocalizes_with DP13A HUMAN DCC-interacting protein UniProt IDA PMID: 15016378 13 alpha, protein from Homo sapiens colocalizes_with DP13B HUMAN DCC-interacting protein UniProt IDA PMID: 15016378 13 beta, protein from Homo sapiens P66A HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 12183469 Transcriptional repressor p66 alpha, protein from Homo sapiens ISS UniProt: Q96F28 SDS3 HUMAN Sin3 histone deacetylase UniProt ISS PMID: 11909966 corepressor complex component SDS3, protein from Homo sapiens Q16219 Insulin activator factor, UniProt NAS PMID: 7935390 protein from Homo sapiens TF3B HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 20380946 Transcription factor IIIB 90 kDa subunit, protein from Homo sapiens NAS PMID: 8943358 TF3C1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NR UniProt: Q12789 General transcription factor 3C polypeptide 1, protein from Homo sapiens TF3C2 HUMAN G-protein beta WD-40 UniProt NR UniProt: Q8WUA4 repeat containing protein, protein from Homo sapiens TF3C3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10373544 General transcription factor 3C polypeptide 3, protein from Homo sapiens TF3C4 HUMAN General transcription UniProt TAS PMID: 10523658 factor 3C polypeptide 4, protein from Homo sapiens TF3C5 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 10373544 General transcription factor 3C polypeptide 5, protein from Homo sapiens ARI4A HUMAN Splice Isoform I of AT- UniProt IPI PMID: 12724404 rich interactive domain- containing protein 4A, protein from Homo sapiens IDA PMID: 11283269 JAZF1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 15302918 Juxtaposed with another zinc finger protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens PHF12 HUMAN Splice Isoform 2 of PHD UniProt IDA PMID: 11390640 finger protein 12, protein from Homo sapiens Q9HAQ4 Zinc finger protein 350, UniProt IDA PMID: 11090615 protein from Homo sapiens RNF12 HUMAN RING finger protein 12, UniProt NAS PMID: 11013082 protein from Homo sapiens SMCE1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IPI PMID: 12192000 SWI/SNF-related matrix- associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1, protein from Homo sapiens colocalizes_with SMRC2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IPI PMID: 12192000 SWI/SNF-related matrix- associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily C member 2, protein from Homo sapiens ZBT16 HUMAN Splice Isoform PLZFB of UniProt IDA PMID: 12802276 Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16, protein from Homo sapiens DPOLZ HUMAN DNA polymerase zeta UniProt NR UNIPROT: O60673 catalytic subunit, protein from Homo sapiens ANC4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9469815 Anaphase promoting complex subunit 4, protein from Homo sapiens ANC5 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Anaphase UniProt TAS PMID: 9469815 promoting complex subunit 5, protein from Homo sapiens APC10 HUMAN Anaphase promoting UniProt NAS PMID: 10318877 complex subunit 10, protein from Homo sapiens APC11 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Anaphase UniProt IDA PMID: 11739784 promoting complex subunit 11, protein from Homo sapiens APC7 HUMAN Anaphase promoting UniProt NR UniProt: Q9UJX3 complex subunit 7, protein from Homo sapiens BUB1B HUMAN Mitotic checkpoint UniProt TAS PMID: 10477750 serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 beta, protein from Homo sapiens CDC23 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Cell UniProt IDA PMID: 14657031 division cycle protein 23 homolog, protein from Homo sapiens CDC27 HUMAN Protein CDC27Hs, UniProt NR UniProt: P30260 protein from Homo sapiens CUL7 HUMAN Cullin-7, protein from UniProt NAS PMID: 12481031 Homo sapiens FZR HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Fizzy- UniProt TAS PMID: 9734353 related protein homolog, protein from Homo sapiens Q8NHZ8 CDC26 subunit of anaphase UniProt IDA PMID: 10922056 promoting complex, protein from Homo sapiens BARD1 HUMAN BRCA1-associated RING UniProt IDA PMID: 15265711 domain protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens BRCA1 HUMAN Breast cancer type 1 UniProt IDA PMID: 15265711 susceptibility protein, protein from Homo sapiens ERCC1 HUMAN DNA excision repair UniProt IDA PMID: 3290851 protein ERCC-1, protein from Homo sapiens ERCC4 HUMAN Excision rEpair cross- UniProt IDA PMID: 10644440 complEmEnting rodEntr Epair dEficiEncy, complEmEntation group 4, protein from Homo sapiens ERCC8 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of DNA UniProt IDA PMID: 12732143 excision repair protein ERCC-8, protein from Homo sapiens CSN2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of COP9 UniProt IDA PMID: 9535219 signalosome complex subunit 2, protein from Homo sapiens GEMI4 HUMAN Component of gems 4, UniProt TAS PMID: 10725331 protein from Homo sapiens LSM6 HUMAN U6 snRNA-associated UniProt TAS PMID: 10523320 Sm-like protein LSm6, protein from Homo sapiens RSMB HUMAN Splice Isoform SM-B′ of UniProt TAS PMID: 2531083 Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein associated proteins B and B′, protein from Homo sapiens RUXE HUMAN Small nuclear UniProt NAS PMID: 2974536 ribonucleoprotein E, protein from Homo sapiens RSMB HUMAN Splice Isoform SM-B′ of UniProt TAS PMID: 2531083 Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein associated proteins B and B′, protein from Homo sapiens RUXE HUMAN Small nuclear UniProt NAS PMID: 2974536 ribonucleoprotein E, protein from Homo sapiens RUXG HUMAN Small nuclear UniProt NAS PMID: 7744013 ribonucleoprotein G, protein from Homo sapiens SF3A2 HUMAN Splicing factor 3A subunit 2, UniProt TAS PMID: 8211113 protein from Homo sapiens SF3B3 HUMAN Splicing factor 3B subunit 3, UniProt TAS PMID: 10490618 protein from Homo sapiens U3IP2 HUMAN U3 small nucleolar RNA- UniProt TAS PMID: 9418896 interacting protein 2, protein from Homo sapiens RU1C HUMAN U1 small nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 2971157 ribonucleoprotein C, protein from Homo sapiens SNRPA HUMAN U1 small nuclear UniProt NR UniProt: P09012 ribonucleoprotein A, protein from Homo sapiens PHF5A HUMAN PHD finger-like domain UniProt IDA PMID: 12234937 protein 5A, protein from Homo sapiens RU2A HUMAN U2 small nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 2928112 ribonucleoprotein A′, protein from Homo sapiens RU2B HUMAN U2 small nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 2951739 ribonucleoprotein B″, protein from Homo sapiens LSM4 HUMAN U6 snRNA-associated UniProt TAS PMID: 10369684 Sm-like protein LSm4, protein from Homo sapiens Q8WWY3 U4/U6 snRNP-associated UniProt IDA PMID: 11867543 61 kDa protein, protein from Homo sapiens API5 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt ISS PMID: 11555636 Apoptosis inhibitor 5, protein from Homo sapiens BCAS2 HUMAN Breast carcinoma UniProt IDA PMID: 12169396 amplified sequence 2, protein from Homo sapiens DHX8 HUMAN ATP-dependent RNA UniProt TAS PMID: 7935475 helicase DHX8, protein from Homo sapiens GEMI2 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt TAS PMID: 9323129 Survival of motor neuron protein-interacting protein 1, protein from Homo sapiens PPIH HUMAN Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans UniProt TAS PMID: 9570313 isomerase H, protein from Homo sapiens PRP17 HUMAN Pre-mRNA splicing factor UniProt TAS PMID: 9524131 PRP17, protein from Homo sapiens PRP18 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of Pre- UniProt TAS PMID: 9000057 mRNA splicing factor 18, protein from Homo sapiens PRP4 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 9328476 U4/U6 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Prp4, protein from Homo sapiens PRPF3 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt NAS PMID: 9328476 U4/U6 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Prp3, protein from Homo sapiens PRPU HUMAN U5 snRNP-associated 102 kDa UniProt NAS PMID: 10788320 protein, protein from Homo sapiens Q9Y6Y0 Influenza vIrus NS1A UniProt TAS PMID: 9696811 binding protein; NS1- binding protein; likely ortholog of mouse kelch family protein Nd1, protein from Homo sapiens RSMB HUMAN Splice Isoform SM-B′ of UniProt TAS PMID: 2531083 Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein associated proteins B and B′, protein from Homo sapiens RUXE HUMAN Small nuclear UniProt NAS PMID: 2974536 ribonucleoprotein E, protein from Homo sapiens RUXG HUMAN Small nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 7744013 ribonucleoprotein G, protein from Homo sapiens SF3A2 HUMAN Splicing factor 3A subunit 2, UniProt TAS PMID: 8211113 protein from Homo sapiens SF3A3 HUMAN Splicing factor 3A subunit 3, UniProt TAS PMID: 8022796 protein from Homo sapiens SF3B1 HUMAN Splicing factor 3B subunit 1, UniProt NAS PMID: 9585501 protein from Homo sapiens SF3B2 HUMAN Splicing factor 3B Subunit 2, UniProt TAS PMID: 8566756 protein from Homo sapiens SF3B3 HUMAN Splicing factor 3B subunit 3, UniProt TAS PMID: 10490618 protein from Homo sapiens SF3B4 HUMAN Splicing factor 3B subunit 4, UniProt TAS PMID: 7958871 protein from Homo sapiens SNW1 HUMAN Nuclear protein Skip, UniProt IDA PMID: 15194481 protein from Homo sapiens SPF30 HUMAN Survival of motor neuron- UniProt TAS PMID: 9731529 related splicing factor 30, protein from Homo sapiens TXN4A HUMAN Thioredoxin-like protein 4A, UniProt TAS PMID: 10610776 protein from Homo sapiens U520 HUMAN U5 small nuclear UniProt IDA PMID: 8670905 ribonucleoprotein 200 kDa helicase, protein from Homo sapiens U5S1 HUMAN 116 kDa U5 small nuclear UniProt TAS PMID: 9233818 ribonucleoprotein component, protein from Homo sapiens DKC1 HUMAN H/ACA ribonucleoprotein UniProt IDA PMID: 12135483 complex subunit 4, protein from Homo sapiens TEBP HUMAN Telomerase-binding UniProt IDA PMID: 12135483 protein p23, protein from Homo sapiens TEP1 HUMAN Splice Isoform 1 of UniProt IDA PMID: 12135483 Telomerase protein component 1, protein from Homo sapiens TERT HUMAN Telomerase reverse UniProt IDA PMID: 12135483 transcriptase, protein from Homo sapiens

TABLE 2 Proteins With a Known Function in Splicing and RNA Processing Acc. no.a Name Comments snRNP core proteins SWISS-PROT: Q15357a Sm G SWISS-PROT: Q15356 Sm F SWISS-PROT: P08578 Sm E SWISS-PROT: P13641 Sm D1 SWISS-PROT: P43330 Sm D2 SWISS-PROT: P43331 Sm D3 SWISS-PROT: P14678 Sm B/B′ U1 snRNP SWISS-PROT: P09234 U1 snRNP C SWISS-PROT: P09012 U1 snRNP A SWISS-PROT: P08621 U1 snRNP 70 kDa U2 snRNP SWISS-PROT: Q15427 SAP 49 SWISS-PROT: Q12874 SAP 61 SWISS-PROT: Q15428 SAP 62 SWISS-PROT: Q15459 SAP 114 SWISS-PROT: Q15393 SAP 130 SWISS-PROT: Q13435 SAP 145 SWISS-PROT: 075533 SAP 155 SWISS-PROT: Q01081 U2AF 35 kDa SWISS-PROT: P26368 U2AF 65 kDa SWISS-PROT: P09661 U2 snRNP A′ SWISS-PROT: P08579 U2 snRNP B″ US snRNP ENSP00000263694, U5 snRNP 40 kDa Q96D17 ENSP00000261905, U5 snRNP 100 kDa Q9BUQ8 ENSP00000266079, U5 snRNP 102 kDa O94906 SWISS-PROT: Q15029 U5 snRNP 116 kDa SWISS-PROT: 075643 U5 snRNP 200 kDa ENSP00000254706, U5 snRNP 220 kDa Q6P2Q9 U6 snRNP SWISS-PROT: Q9Y333 LSm2 SWISS-PROT: Q9Y4Z1 LSm3 SWISS-PROT: Q9Y4Z0 LSm4 SWISS-PROT: Q9Y4Y8 LSm6 SWISS-PROT: Q9UK45 LSm7 SWISS-PROT: O95777 LSm8 U4/U6 snRNP ENSP00000259401 U4/U6 snRNP hPrp4 ENSP00000236015, U4/U6 snRNP hPrp3 O4339S ENSP00000291763 U4/U6 snRNP 61 kDa U4/U6.U5 snRNP SWISS-PROT: P55769 U4/U6.snRNP 15.5 kDa ENSP00000263858 U4/U6.U5 snRNP 65 kDa ENSP00000256313 SART-1 = U4/U6.U5 snRNP 110 kDa SR proteins SWISS-PROT: Q07955 SF2 SWISS-PROT: Q16629 9G8 SWISS-PROT: Q01130 SC35 SWISS-PROT: P23152 SRp20 SWISS-PROT: Q13242 SRp30C SWISS-PROT: Q05519 SRp54 SWISS-PROT: Q13247 SRp55 TREMBL: Q8WXA9 Splicing factor, arginine/serine- rich 12 ENSP00000255590 Ser/Arg-related nuclear matrix protein Other splicing factors ENSP00000227503 SF1 ENSP00000235397 SPF27 ENSP00000239010 SPF30 ENSP00000263697 SPF31 TREMBL: O75939; SPF45 Q96GY6 ENSP00000265414 CDC5-related protein SWISS-PROT: Q13573 SKIP TREMBL: Q9NZA0 PUF60 TREMBL: O43660 Pleiotropic regulator 1 ENSP00000253363 CC1.3 ENSP00000296702 CA150 SWISS-PROT: Q14562 DEAH-box protein 8 SWISS-PROT: O43143 DEAD/H-box-15 SWISS-PROT: O60231 DEAD/H-box-16 ENSP00000268482 hPRP16 SWISS-PROT: O60508 hPRP17 ENSP00000198939 ERPROT 213-21 (+N- (+ENSP00000248044) terminal extension of ERPROT) ENSP00000290341 IGE-II mRNA-binding protein 1 SWISS-PROT: P23246 PTB-associated splicing factor ENSP00000266611 IK factor ENSP00000257528 SLU7 ENSP00000216727 poly(A)-binding protein II ENSP00000293531 KH-type splicing regulatory protein ENSP00000294623 far upstream element-binding protein 1 ENSP00000227524 nuclear matrix protein NMP200 TREMBL: Q96HB0 HCNP protein ENSP00000278799 crooked neck-like 1 SWISS-PROT: Q9Y3B4 pre-mRNA branch site protein p14 ENSP00000292123 scaffold attachment factor B ENSP00000261167 SH3 domain-binding protein SNP70 hnRNP ENSP00000257767 GRY-RBP SWISS-PROT: Q13151 hnRNP A0 SWISS-PROT: P09651 hnRNP A1 SWISS-PROT: P22626 hnRNP A2/hnRNP B1 ENSP00000298069 hnRNP A3 ENSP00000261952 hnRNP AB, isoform a SWISS-PROT: P07910 hnRNP C SWISS-PROT: Q14103 hnRNP D ENSP00000295469 hnRNP D-like SWISS-PROT: P52597 hnRNP F SWISS-PROT: P38159 hnRNP G SWISS-PROT: P31943 hnRNP H ENSP00000265866 hnRNP H3 SWISS-PROT: P26599 Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein; hnRNP I ENSP00000297818 hnRNP K SWISS-PROT: P14866 hnRNP L SWISS-PROT: P52272 hnRNP M SWISS-PROT: O43390 hnRNP R Q00839 hnRNP U TREMBL: O76022 E1B-55kDa-associated protein 5 RNA processing SWISS-PROT: P52298 CBP 20 kDa SWISS-PROT: Q09161 CBP 80 kDa SWISS-PROT: P17844 DEAD/H-box-5; RNA helicase p68 SWISS-PROT: P35637 RNA-binding protein FUS SWISS-PROT: Q01844 RNA-binding protein EWS SWISS-PROT: Q12906 Interleukin enhancer- binding factor 3 ENSP00000270794 TLS-associated serine- arginine protein 2 RNA processing ENSP00000269407 Aly SWISS-PROT: Q9UBU9 Tap ENSP00000261600 hHpr1 SWISS-PROT: Q08211 RNA helicase A ENSP00000264073 ELAV-like protein 1 (Hu- antigen R) SWISS-PROT: P43243 matrin 3 SWISS-PROT: P55265 Double-stranded RNA- specific adenosine deaminase (DRADA) ENSP00000300291 CPSF 25 kDa ENSP00000292476 CPSF 30 kDa ENSP00000266679 similar to CPSF 68 kDa SWISS-PROT: Q9UKF6 CPSF 73 kDa SWISS-PROT: Q9P2I0 CPSF 100 kDa SWISS-PROT: Q10570 CPSF 160 kDa ENSP00000227158 cleavage stimulation factor subunit 3 SWISS-PROT: P05455 Lupus La protein: Sjogren syndrome type B antigen SWISS-PROT: Q06265 Polymyositis/scleroderma autoantigen 1 SWISS-PROT: Q01780 Polymyositis/scleroderma autoantigen 2 SWISS-PROT: Q9Y2L1 Exosome complex exonuclease RRP44 SWISS-PROT: Q9NPD3 Exosome complex exonuclease RRP41 ENSP00000262489 Dhm1-like protein a SWISS-PROT or ENSEMBL accession numbers are given at http://srs.embl- heidelberg.de:8000/srs5/ and http://www.ensembl.org. Novel Proteins Novel proteins and proteins with unclear functions with sequence similarities implicating them in splicing/mRNA processing ENSP00000295270 Hypothetical protein Similar to U5 snRNP 200 kDa ENSP00000272417 CDNA FLJ13778 fis Similar to U5 snRNP 200 kDa ENSP00000301345 Hypothetical protein Similar to U5 snRNP 220 kDa TREMBL: Q9NUY0 CDNA FLJ11063 fis Similar to arginine/serine-rich 4 SWISS-PROT: Q13523 Serine/threonine-protein kinase Ser/Thr protein kinase family, similar to S. pombe PRP4 ENSP00000296630 Hypothetical protein RRM domain, bipartite NLS, similar to arginine/serine-rich 11 ENSP00000266057 CDNA FLJ10998 fis Similar to RNA lariat debranching enzyme ENSP00000273541 Hypothetical protein Similar to Isy 1p, a potential splice factor in yeast XP_013029 Hypothetical protein Similar to U2 snRNP A′ ENSP00000286032 Hypothetical protein Similar to hnRNP A3 ENSP00000301786 Hypothetical protein Similar to hnRNP U ENSP000000301784 Hypothetical protein Similar to hnRNP U ENSP00000261832 Hypothetical protein BASIC, basic domain DKFZp434E2220 in HLH proteins of MYOD family, PSP, proline-rich domain in spliceo- some-associated proteins, zinc finger CCHC, zinc knuckle ENSP00000244367 CGI- 124 protein Cyclophilin-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase ENSP00000215824 CYP-60 Cyclophilin-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase ENSP00000234288 PPIL3b Cyclophilin-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase ENSP00000282972 Serologically defined Cyclophilin-type peptidyl-prolyl colon cancer antigen 10 cis-trans isomerase bipartite NLS SWISS-PROT: Q9UNP9 Cyclophilin E Cyclophilin-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase RRM domain ENSP00000261308 KIAA0073 protein Cyclophilin-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G-protein beta WD-40 repeats SWISS-PROT: Q92841 Probable RNA-dependent DEAD/DEAH-box helicase helicase p72 ENSP00000274514 RNA helicase DEAD/DEAH-box helicase ENSP00000242776 Hypothetical protein Similar to nuclear RNA helicase, DECD variant of DEAD-box helicase family SWISS-PROT: Q92499 DDX1 DEAD/DEAH-box helicase, SPRY domain SWISS-PROT: Q9NR30 DDX21 DEAD/DEAH-box helicase, bipartite NLS SWISS-PROT: Q9UJV9 DEAD-box protein DEAD/DEAH-box abstract homolog helicase, zinc finger CCHC type ENSP00000218971 DDX26 DEAD-box, von Willebrand factor type A domain SWISS-PROT: P38919 Eukaryotic initiation DEAD-box helicase factor 4A-like NUK-34 ENSP00000297920 Hypothetical protein Double-stranded FLJ11307 RNA-binding domain (DsRBD) ENSP00000263115 Hypothetical protein G-patch domain ENSP00000277477 Far upstream element KH domain (FUSE) binding protein 3 ENSP00000295749 KIAA 1604 protein MIF4G, middle domain of eukaryotic initiation factor 4G and MA3 domain, bipartite NLS ENSP00000298643 PRO1777 PWI domain SWISS-PROT: Q9Y580 RNA-binding protein 7 RRM domain SWISS-PROT: O43251 RNA-binding protein 9 RRM domain ENSP00000295971 Hypothetical protein RRM domain FLJ20273 ENSP00000266301 KIAA 1649 protein RRM domain SWISS-PROT: Q9Y388 Hypothetical protein RRM domain CGI-79.B SWISS-PROT: Q02040 B-lymphocyte antigen RRM domain precursor ENSP00000262632 Hypothetical 47.4 kDa RRM domain, ATP/GTP-binding site motif A (P-loop) ENSP00000293677 Hypothetical protein RRM domain, Bipartite NLS SWISS-PROT: Q9BXP5 Arsenite-resistance protein 2 RRM domain, Bipartite NLS ENSP00000220496 Hypothetical protein RRM domain, DNAJ heat shock FLJ10634 protein, bipartite NLS TREMBL: O00425 Putative RNA-binding protein RRM domain, KH domain KOC ENSP00000262710 KIAA0670 protein RRM domain, SAP domain TREMBL: Q96SC6 OTT-MAL RRM domain, SAP domain ENSP00000295996 K1AA0332 protein RRM domain, Surp domain Bipartite NLS ENSP00000199814 Hypothetical protein RRM domain, Zinc FLJ10290 finger C-x8-C-x5-C-x3-H type SWISS-PROT: P98175 RNA-binding protein 10 RRM domain, C2H2 type zinc finger, bipartite NLS ENSP00000261972 Hypothetical protein S164 RRM domain, PWI domain, bipartite (+ENSP00000261973) (+N-terminal extension: CDNA: NLS, Spectrin repeat FLJ22454 fis, clone HRC09703) (ENSP00000261973 encodes the N-terminal extension of ENSP00000261972) TREMBL: Q9UQ35 RNA-binding protein RS domain ENSP00000247001 F23858_1 Surp domain, G-patch domain ENSP00000299951 Hypothetical protein U1-like zinc finger, bipartite NLS ENSP00000281372 HsKin17 protein C2H2 zinc finger TREMBL: Q96KR1 Putative Zinc finger protein C2H2 zinc finger ENSP00000239893 OPA-interacting protein OIP2 3′ exoribonuclease family Novel proteins without similarities implicating them in splicing/mRNA processing SWISS-PROT: Q9C0J8 WDC146 G-protein beta WD-40 repeats ENSP00000253952 Hypothetical 34.8 kDa protein G-protein beta WD-40 repeats ENSP00000263222 Hypothetical 57.5 kDa protein G-protein beta WD-40 repeats ENSP00000156471 K1AA0560 protein ATP/GTP-binding site motif A (P-loop) SWISS-PROT: Q9UH06 Hypothetical 12.4 kDa protein PHD-finger (C4HC3 zinc finger) ENSP00000216252 BK223H9 belongs to the UPFO123 family of hypothetical proteins ENSP00000260210 Hypothetical protein MGC13125 Bipartite NLS, ankyrin similarity ENSP00000257181 Hypothetical protein FLJ14936 Bipartite NLS, similar to unknowns ENSP00000290008 Hypothetical protein Bipartite NLS SWISS-PROT: Q9NZB2 C9orf10 protein Bipartite NLS, similar to unknowns ENSP00000247026 Hypothetical 66.4 kDa protein Bipartite NLS ENSP00000236273 GCIP-interacting protein p29 Bipartite NLS, similar to unknowns ENSP00000292314 Hypothetical protein Bipartite NLS, similar to unknowns ENSP00000266923 C21orf70 Bipartite NLS, similar to unknowns NSP00000221899 NY-REN-24 antigen Bipartite NLS, Ezrin/radixin/moesin family; similar to Drosophila cactin SWISS-PROT: Q14331 FRG1 protein (FSHD region Bipartite NLS, gene 1 protein) Lipocalin-related protein and Bos/Can/Equ allergen domain SWISS-PROT: P42285 KIAA0052 protein SKI2 helicase family ENSP00000221413 CGI-46 protein DnaB helicase family ENSP00000222969 G10 protein homolog (EDG-2) G10 protein family ENSP00000279839 Adrenal gland protein AD-002 GTP-binding signal recognition particle (SRP54) G-domain ENSP00000278702 Similar to nuclear mitotic Involucrin repeat, G-protein gamma apparatus protein 1 subunit, DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV, subunit A, M protein repeat, bZIP (Basic-leucine zipper) transcription factor family SWISS- PROT: Q92733 Proline-rich protein PRCC Proline-rich extension ENSP00000263905 KIAA1461 protein PWWP domain, Methyl-CpG binding domain XP_089514 Hypothetical protein Similar to nucleophosmin ENSP00000258457 Hypothetical 25.9 kDa protein Similar to Xenopus ashwin TREMBL: Q8WYA6 Nuclear associated protein Similar to Bos taurus P14 TREMBL: Q13769 Hypothetical protein Similarity to intermediate filament b [Dugesia japonica] SWISS-PROT: Q9Y5B6 GC-rich sequence DNA-binding Similar to C-TERMINAL OF factor homolog GCF/TCF9 and other putative transcription factors SWISS-PROT: Q9Y224 Hypothetical protein CGI-99 Similarity to putative transcription factors ENSP00000216038 Hypothetical 55.2 kDa protein Uncharacterized protein family UPFOO27 ENSP00000289509 Hypothetical 80.5 kDa protein Similar to unknowns ENSP00000245838 Hypothetical protein L0C57187 Similar to unknowns ENSP00000289996 Hypothetical protein Similar to unknowns ENSP00000252137 DiGeorge syndrome critical Similar to unknowns region gene DGSI protein ENSP00000256579 Hypothetical protein FLJ10330 Similar to unknowns ENSP00000245651 C20orf158 protein Similar to unknowns SWISS-PROT: Q9BWJ5 Hypothetical protein MGC3133 Similar to unknowns ENSP00000272091 Hypothetical protein XP_089191 Similar to unknowns ENSP00000297526 KIAA144O protein Similar to unknowns ENSP00000271942 Hypothetical protein FLJ21919 Similar to unknowns TREMBL: Q9BTU2 Hypothetical 31.5 kDa protein Similar to unknowns TREMBL: Q8WVN3 Hypothetical protein Similar to unknowns a SWISS-PROT or ENSEMBL accession numbers are given at http://srs.embl- heidelberg.de:8000 and http://www.ensembl.org. b Domains: RRM: RNA recognition motive; Bipartite NLS: Bipartite Nuclear Localization Signal; SPRY: SP1a/RY anodine receptor SPRY domain; G-patch: named after seven highly conserved glycines; KH: hnRNP K homology domain; PWI: proline- tryptophan-isoleucine motifs; SAP: SAF-A/B, Acinus and PIAS motif; RS: Arginine-Serine repeats; Surp: Suppressor-of-white- apricot splicing regulator domain.

TABLE 3 Proteins Involved in Transcription, Translation, and Other Functions Acc. no. a Name Comments SWISS-PROT: P16991 CCAAT-binding transcription factor I subunit A ENSP00000271939 Interleukin enhancer binding factor 2, 45 kD TREMBL: O15043 Death associated transcription factor 1 ENSP00000266071 Death associated transcription factor-1 isoform b SWISS-PROT: P16383 GC-rich sequence DNA binding factor SWISS-PROT: P78347 general transcription factor II ENSP00000228251 Cold shock domain protein A NP_005325 host cell factor CI SWISS-PROT: P49848 Transcription initiation factor TFIID 70 kD subunit SWISS-PROT: P12956 ATP-dependent DNA helicase II, 70 kD subunit ENSP00000283131 SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily a, member 6 SWISS-PROT: P30876 DNA-directed RNA polymerase II 140 kD SWISS-PROT: P24928 DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest subunit SWISS-PROT: P02261 Histone H2A- SWISS-PROT: P20670 H2A histone family member O SWISS-PROT: Q93080 H2B histone family several members possible SWISS-PROT: P09429 High-mobility group protein 1 SWISS-PROT: O15347 High mobility group box 4 ENSP00000275182 Histone deacetylase 2 SWISS-PROT: Q16576 Histone acetyltransferase type B subunit 2 SWISS-PROT: P23396 40S ribosomal protein S3 NP_000997 40S ribosomal protein S3A SWISS-PROT: P12750 40S ribosomal protein S4 SWISS-PROT: P22090 40S ribosomal protein S4Y isoform SWISS-PROT: P46782 40S ribosomal protein S5 SWISS-PROT: P23821 40S ribosomal protein S7 SWISS-PROT: P09058 40S ribosomal protein S8 SWISS-PROT: P46781 40S ribosomal protein S9 SWISS-PROT: P46783 40S ribosomal protein S10 ENSP00000237131 40S ribosomal protein S12 SWISS-PROT: Q02546 40S ribosomal protein S13 SWISS-PROT: P11174 40S ribosomal protein S15 SWISS-PROT: P39027 40S ribosomal protein S15a SWISS-PROT: P17008 40S ribosomal protein S16 SWISS-PROT: P08708 40S ribosomal protein S17 SWISS-PROT: P25232 40S ribosomal protein S18 SWISS-PROT: P39019 40S ribosomal protein S19 SWISS-PROT: P25111 40S ribosomal protein S25 SWISS-PROT: P30054 40S ribosomal protein S29 SWISS-PROT: Q05472 40S ribosomal protein S30 SWISS-PROT: P04643 40S ribosomal protein S11 SWISS-PROT: P46777 60S ribosomal protein L5 SWISS-PROT: P35268 60S ribosomal protein L22 SWISS-PROT: P29316 60S ribosomal protein L23a SWISS-PROT: P12947 60S ribosomal protein L31 TREMBL Q8WT0 Signal recognition particle 9 kD SWISS-PROT: P09132 Signal recognition particle 19 kD SWISS-PROT: Q9UHB9 Signal recognition particle 68 kD TREMBL: Q8WUK2 Signal recognition particle 68 kD isoform SWISS-PROT: Q76094 Signal recognition particle 72 kD SWISS-PROT: P04720 Elongation factor 1 SWISS-PROT: P12270 Nucleoprotein TPR SWISS-PROT: P46940 Ras GTPase-activating- like ENSP00000268182 protein IQGAP1 (P195) SWISS-PROT: P52292 Importin alpha-2 subunit SWISS-PROT: O75909 Cyclin K SWISS-PROT: P78396 Cyclin A1 SWISS-PROT: P09874 poly(ADP- ribosyl)transferase SWISS-PROT: O43823 A-kinase anchor protein 8 ENSP00000262971 PIAS1 ENSP00000296215 Smad nuclear-interacting protein 1 ENSP00000234443 Protein kinase, interferon-inducible double stranded RNA dependent activator; protein activator of the interferon-induced protein kinase ENSP00000300630 Ubiquitin ENSP00000271238 Phosphatase 2A inhibitor SWISS-PROT: P19338 Nucleolin SWISS-PROT: P55081 Microfibrillar-associated protein 1 SWISS-PROT: P11142 Heat shock cognate 71 kD protein ENSP00000286912 Dynein heavy chain SWISS-PROT: P08670 Vimentin ENSP00000243115 Tubulin, alpha ENSP00000259925 Tubulin, beta 5 a SWISSPROT or ENSEMBL accession numbers are given. (http://srs.embl- heidelberg.de:8000/srs5/ and www.ensembl.org)

TABLE 3 Transcription Factors TFFACTOR sorted by molecular weight (SZ field) Database: TFFACTOR TRANSFAC database, binding factor information Release 3.3, January 1998 E. Wingender, R. Knueppel, P. Dietze, H. Karas (GBF-Braunschweig) 2,285 entries 1. T01627 8.3 kDa; lin-32 2. T02213 9.0 kDa; PC4 p9 3. T01972 10.0 kDa; DMLP1 4. T01852 10.5 kDa; HMG I(Y) 5. T01980 10.5 kDa; HMG Y 6. T01714 11.5 kDa; HOXA10 PL2 7. T01851 11.5 kDa; HMG I 8. T01859 11.8 kDa; HMGI-C 9. T01860 11.8 kDa; HMGI-C 10. T01322 12.1 kDa; ICER-Igamma 11. T01324 12.1 kDa; ICER-IIgamma 12. T01566 12.1 kDa; deltaMax 13. T02230 12.1 kDa; TFIIA-S 14. T02226 12.2 kDa; TFIIA-S 15. T01630 12.3 kDa; Tal-2 16. T01631 12.3 kDa; Tal-2 17. T02180 12.5 kDa; SIII-p15 18. T02224 12.5 kDa; TFIIA-gamma 19. T02232 12.5 kDa; TFIIA-S 20. T02269 12.5 kDa; SIII-p15 21. T01263 12.9 kDa; HAP3 22. T01809 13.0 kDa; Id3 23. T00367 13.1 kDa; Id3 24. T01811 13.1 kDa; Id3 25. T02179 13.1 kDa; SIII-p18 26. T02268 13.1 kDa; SIII-p18 27. T01325 13.3 kDa; ATF-3deltaZIP 28. T01319 13.4 kDa; ICER 29. T01321 13.4 kDa; ICER-I 30. T01323 13.4 kDa; ICER-II 31. T02228 13.5 kDa; TFIIA (13.5 kDa subunit) 32. T02150 13.9 kDa; SRB6 33. T02117 14.3 kDa; TAF(II)18 34. T02137 14.4 kDa; PC4 35. T02138 14.4 kDa; PC4 36. T01654 14.6 kDa; HEN1 37. T00488 14.8 kDa; MATa1 38. T01655 14.8 kDa; HEN1 39. T01212 14.9 kDa; Id2 40. T00404 15.0 kDa; Id2 41. T01656 15.0 kDa; HEN2 42. T01657 15.0 kDa; HEN2 43. T01808 15.0 kDa; Id2 44. T00441 15.4 kDa; KBP-1 45. T00403 15.6 kDa; Id1 46. T01420 15.6 kDa; LIP 47. T01807 15.6 kDa; Id1 48. T02274 15.6 kDa; Id1H′ 49. T00350 16.0 kDa; HAP3 50. T01810 16.1 kDa; Id3/Heir-1 51. T02151 16.1 kDa; SRB7 52. T01801 16.2 kDa; Id1 53. T01384 16.5 kDa; pX 54. T01448 16.5 kDa; Tal-1beta 55. T01436 16.6 kDa; MafF 56. T01658 16.6 kDa; Id4 57. T01600 16.8 kDa; CREMdeltaC-G 58. T01120 17.0 kDa; MCBF 59. T01650 17.0 kDa; HES-2 60. T01060 17.1 kDa; MNB1b 61. T00489 17.2 kDa; Max1 62. T01591 17.3 kDa; P (short form) 63. T01593 17.3 kDa; C1 (short form) 64. T01301 17.4 kDa; E4 65. T01606 17.4 kDa; Id1.25 66. T01639 17.4 kDa; INO4 67. T02311 17.4 kDa; CSE2 68. T01434 17.5 kDa; MafK 69. T01435 17.5 kDa; MafK 70. T01622 17.6 kDa; ASH-3a 71. T01745 17.6 kDa; HOXC6 (PRI) 72. T01743 17.8 kDa; HOXC6 (PRI) 73. T02249 17.8 kDa; Lmo1 74. T01742 17.9 kDa; HOXC6 75. T02116 17.9 kDa; TAF(II)20 76. T01274 18.0 kDa; DBF-A 77. T02254 18.0 kDa; PEBP2beta3 78. T01437 18.1 kDa; MafG 79. T00523 18.3 kDa; Myn 80. T01567 18.3 kDa; Max2 81. T02251 18.3 kDa; Lmo2 82. T02250 18.4 kDa; Lmo2 83. T01652 18.5 kDa; HES-5 84. T02089 18.7 kDa; mat-Pc 85. T01636 18.8 kDa; X-Twist 86. T00127 19.0 kDa; CHOP-10 87. T00224 19.0 kDa; EF1 88. T00299 19.0 kDa; GADD 153 89. T01206 19.0 kDa; EF1 90. T02139 19.0 kDa; PC4 91. T01651 19.1 kDa; HES-3 92. T00197 19.3 kDa; Dr1 93. T01687 19.3 kDa; Pcr1 94. T00043 19.5 kDa; ARG RI 95. T01644 19.9 kDa; E(spl)m5 96. T01447 20.0 kDa; HEN1 97. T02216 20.0 kDa; TFIIA-alpha/beta precursor (major) 98. T02217 20.0 kDa; TFIIA-alpha/beta precursor (minor) 99. T01646 20.3 kDa; E(spl)m8 100. T00486 20.4 kDa; MATalpha1 101. T01310 20.4 kDa; S-CREM 102. T01313 20.6 kDa; ATF-3 103. T01095 20.7 kDa; LRF-1 104. T01612 20.7 kDa; Meso1 105. T01645 20.7 kDa; E(spl)m7 106. T01971 20.8 kDa; MLP 107. T01623 20.9 kDa; ASH-3b 108. T01637 20.9 kDa; EC2 109. T02221 20.9 kDa; Bro 110. T01275 21.0 kDa; mat-Mc 111. T01635 21.2 kDa; M-Twist 112. T01065 21.5 kDa; PEBP2beta2 113. T02259 21.5 kDa; PEBP2beta 114. T02126 21.6 kDa; TAF(II)30alpha 115. T02309 21.6 kDa; MET28 116. T01754 21.7 kDa; HOXD8 117. T02118 21.7 kDa; TAF(II)30 118. T01890 21.8 kDa; Brn-5(c7) 119. T02222 21.8 kDa; Bgb 120. T00274 22.0 kDa; Emc 121. T02255 22.0 kDa; PEBP2beta1 122. T02131 22.1 kDa; TAF(II)30beta 123. T00799 22.4 kDa; TBP-1 124. T00800 22.4 kDa; TBP-2 125. T01621 22.4 kDa; ASH-1 126. T00005 22.7 kDa; Ac 127. T01813 22.7 kDa; Pax-3B 128. T00616 22.8 kDa; NF-YB 129. T02147 22.9 kDa; SRB2 130. T01601 23.0 kDa; CREMdeltaC-F 131. T02275 23.1 kDa; SUP 132. T00216 23.3 kDa; C/EBPgamma 133. T02114 23.3 kDa; TAF(II)28 134. T01018 23.6 kDa; CAP 135. T01569 23.8 kDa; Th1 136. T00997 23.9 kDa; SRY 137. T01735 23.9 kDa; HOXB7 138. T00179 24.0 kDa; CUP2 139. T01704 24.0 kDa; HOXA7 140. T01734 24.0 kDa; HOXB7 141. T01812 24.1 kDa; Pax-3A 142. T01316 24.2 kDa; CREMgamma 143. T00487 24.3 kDa; MATalpha2 144. T01803 24.3 kDa; CREMalpha 145. T00516 24.4 kDa; mtTF1 146. T02061 24.4 kDa; K-2b 147. T01987 24.5 kDa; SRY 148. T01887 24.6 kDa; Brn-4 149. T02211 24.6 kDa; BTEB2 150. T01779 24.7 kDa; GLO 151. T02025 24.7 kDa; C/EBPalpha(p30) 152. T01059 24.8 kDa; MNB1a 153. T01619 24.8 kDa; MASH-1 154. T00087 25.0 kDa; CBF-A 155. T00484 25.0 kDa; MASH-1 156. T00520 25.0 kDa; Myf-4 157. T01741 25.0 kDa; HOXC5 158. T01736 25.1 kDa; HOXB7 159. T00528 25.2 kDa; myogenin 160. T01565 25.3 kDa; Mad 161. T01733 25.3 kDa; HOXB6 162. T00795 25.4 kDa; TBP 163. T01315 25.4 kDa; CREMbeta 164. T01778 25.4 kDa; GLO 165. T02198 25.4 kDa; FosB/SF 166. T00849 25.5 kDa; TRF 167. T01314 25.5 kDa; CREMalpha 168. T01732 25.5 kDa; HOXB6 169. T02027 25.5 kDa; C/EBPalpha(p30) 170. T02026 25.6 kDa; C/EBPalpha(p30) 171. T01278 25.7 kDa; HOXA7 172. T01533 25.7 kDa; myogenin 173. T01620 25.7 kDa; MASH-1 174. T01531 25.8 kDa; myogenin 175. T00180 25.9 kDa; CYS3 176. T01082 25.9 kDa; NRL 177. T01438 26.1 kDa; NRL 178. T01564 26.1 kDa; Mxi1 179. T01740 26.2 kDa; HOXB9 180. T01008 26.3 kDa; DEF A 181. T01538 26.4 kDa; MRF4 182. T01588 26.4 kDa; GL1 183. T00967 26.5 kDa; E1A 12S protein 184. T01729 26.5 kDa; HOXB4 185. T00888 26.6 kDa; v-Fos 186. T02039 26.6 kDa; HAC1 187. T01746 26.7 kDa; HOXC6 (PRII) 188. T01753 26.7 kDa; HOXD4 189. T00633 26.8 kDa; N-Oct-Sb 190. T00798 26.9 kDa; TBP 191. T00923 26.9 kDa; Zta 192. T01057 26.9 kDa; lin-31 193. T01744 26.9 kDa; HOXC6 (PRII) 194. T01747 26.9 kDa; HOXC6 (PRII) 195. T00512 27.0 kDa; MRF4 196. T00522 27.0 kDa; Myf-6 197. T01537 27.0 kDa; MRF4 198. T01777 27.0 kDa; GP 199. T01255 27.1 kDa; DAT1 200. T01539 27.1 kDa; MRF4 201. T00171 27.2 kDa; C/EBPepsilon 202. T02045 27.2 kDa; Flh 203. T02210 27.2 kDa; BTEB 204. T02212 27.2 kDa; BTEB 205. T01752 27.3 kDa; HOXD4 206. T01776 27.3 kDa; APETALA3 207. T02046 27.3 kDa; Gsc 208. T02060 27.3 kDa; K-2a 209. T01484 27.4 kDa; Cdx-1 210. T02044 27.4 kDa; Flh 211. T02049 27.4 kDa; Gsc B 212. T02132 27.4 kDa; TAF(II)30 213. T02141 27.4 kDa; OCA-B 214. T02256 27.4 kDa; AML1a 215. T01515 27.5 kDa; Pur factor 216. T01728 27.5 kDa; HOXB4 217. T02069 27.5 kDa; Msx-1 218. T01727 27.6 kDa; HOXB4 219. T01737 27.6 kDa; HOXB8 220. T02142 27.6 kDa; OCA-B 221. T00485 27.7 kDa; MASH-2 222. T01749 27.7 kDa; HOXC8 223. T01726 27.8 kDa; HOXB4 224. T00376 27.9 kDa; HOXD4 225. T00347 28.0 kDa; HAP2 226. T01370 28.0 kDa; p28 modulator 227. T02047 28.0 kDa; Gsc 228. T01534 28.2 kDa; Myf-5 229. T01535 28.2 kDa; Myf-5 230. T02074 28.2 kDa; Msx-2 231. T02077 28.2 kDa; Msx-2 232. T01090 28.3 kDa; TAF-1 233. T01846 28.3 kDa; TCF-1D 234. T02170 28.3 kDa; TFIIF-beta 235. T00521 28.4 kDa; Myf-5 236. T00583 28.4 kDa; C/EBPdelta 237. T01536 28.4 kDa; Myf-5 238. T01706 28.4 kDa; HOXA7 239. T01986 28.4 kDa; SRY 240. T01999 28.4 kDa; Cdx-1 241. T02007 28.4 kDa; Dlx-1 242. T02169 28.4 kDa; TFIIF-beta 243. T02195 28.4 kDa; TBP 244. T00109 28.6 kDa; C/EBPdelta 245. T00949 28.6 kDa; Myf-5 246. T01114 28.6 kDa; C/EBPdelta 247. T01981 28.6 kDa; TCF-1F 248. T00632 28.7 kDa; N-Oct-5a 249. T00902 28.7 kDa; XBP-1 250. T00926 28.7 kDa; SUM-1 251. T01632 28.7 kDa; Lyl-1 252. T01401 28.8 kDa; Spi-B 253. T01592 28.8 kDa; C1 (long form) 254. T01773 28.8 kDa; AG 255. T02075 28.8 kDa; Msx-2 256. T01880 28.9 kDa; Brn-3b 257. T02076 28.9 kDa; Msx-2 258. T00003 29.0 kDa; AS-C T3 259. T01086 29.0 kDa; beta-1 260. T01982 29.0 kDa; TCF-1G 261. T02113 29.0 kDa; TAF(II)31 262. T00871 29.1 kDa; USF 263. T01116 29.1 kDa; SAP1 264. T02099 29.1 kDa; Zen-2 265. T00008 29.2 kDa; Adf-1 266. T00160 29.2 kDa; CPC1 267. T00377 29.2 kDa; HOXA5 268. T00968 29.2 kDa; ATF-1 269. T01072 29.2 kDa; TEF 270. T01304 29.2 kDa; ATF-1 271. T02105 29.2 kDa; C/EBPbeta(p34) 272. T02125 29.3 kDa; TAF(II)40 273. T00925 29.4 kDa; AMT1 274. T01462 29.4 kDa; Fra-1 275. T01702 29.4 kDa; HOXA5 276. T01730 29.4 kDa; HOXB5 277. T02050 29.4 kDa; Gtx 278. T02090 29.4 kDa; Phox-2 279. T01731 29.5 kDa; HOXB5 280. T01648 29.6 kDa; HES-1 281. T01649 29.7 kDa; HES-1 282. T00349 29.8 kDa; HAP2 283. T00292 29.9 kDa; Fra-1 284. T01249 29.9 kDa; BUF1 285. T00597 30.0 kDa; NF-kappaE2 286. T01221 30.0 kDa; NF-kappaE2 287. T01277 30.0 kDa; spE2F 288. T01762 30.0 kDa; HOXD12 289. T01775 30.0 kDa; APETALA1 290. T02092 30.0 kDa; Prh 291. T02225 30.0 kDa; TFIIA-L 292. T01208 30.1 kDa; Fra-1 293. T01290 30.1 kDa; MATalpha1 294. T01872 30.1 kDa; Oct-4B 295. T02172 30.1 kDa; TFIIF-beta 296. T01000 30.2 kDa; TCF-1B 297. T01633 30.2 kDa; Lyl-1 298. T02091 30.2 kDa; Prh 299. T00999 30.3 kDa; TCF-1A 300. T01001 30.3 kDa; TCF-1C 301. T01763 30.3 kDa; HOXD12 302. T01317 30.4 kDa; CREMepsilon 303. T02068 30.4 kDa; PU.1 304. T02108 30.4 kDa; CREMtau1 305. T02018 30.5 kDa; En-2 306. T02070 30.5 kDa; Msx-1 307. T00702 30.7 kDa; PU.1 308. T02058 30.8 kDa; IPF1 309. T02072 30.8 kDa; Msx-1 310. T00845 30.9 kDa; Tra-1 (short form) 311. T01474 30.9 kDa; Athb-1 312. T01996 31.0 kDa; dJRA 313. T02057 31.0 kDa; IPF1 314. T02071 31.0 kDa; Msx-1 315. T02073 31.0 kDa; Msx-1 316. T00321 31.3 kDa; GCN4 317. T00267 31.4 kDa; GATA-1 318. T01426 31.4 kDa; HOXD8 319. T00017 31.5 kDa; C/EBPbeta 320. T00459 31.5 kDa; C/EBPbeta 321. T02082 31.6 kDa; Otx2 322. T02083 31.6 kDa; Otx2 323. T02109 31.6 kDa; CREMtau2 324. T00653 31.7 kDa; Oct-5 325. T01720 31.7 kDa; HOXB1 326. T00209 31.8 kDa; E1A 13S protein 327. T01761 31.8 kDa; HOXD11 328. T01389 31.9 kDa; LEF-1S 329. T01475 31.9 kDa; Athb-2 330. T01759 31.9 kDa; HOXD11 331. T00961 32.0 kDa; ANF-2 332. T01381 32.0 kDa; deltaCREB 333. T01719 32.1 kDa; HOXB1 334. T01816 32.1 kDa; Mab-18 (284 AA) 335. T02174 32.1 kDa; TFIIF-beta 336. T00815 32.2 kDa; TFIIA 337. T02227 32.2 kDa; TFIIA (32 kDa subunit) 338. T00524 32.3 kDa; MyoD 339. T01093 32.4 kDa; CPRF-3 340. T01764 32.4 kDa; HOXD13 341. T00893 32.5 kDa; v-Jun 342. T01532 32.5 kDa; myogenin 343. T01893 32.6 kDa; TCFbeta1 344. T02166 32.6 kDa; TFIIE-beta 345. T01605 32.7 kDa; SGC1 346. T01891 32.7 kDa; Brn-5 347. T02111 32.7 kDa; TBP 348. T00500 32.8 kDa; MCM1 349. T00325 32.9 kDa; Pit-1 350. T01172 32.9 kDa; Pit-1 351. T01516 32.9 kDa; Pit-1b 352. T01888 32.9 kDa; Brn-5(c2) 353. T01128 33.0 kDa; MyoD 354. T01551 33.0 kDa; MyoD 355. T02163 33.0 kDa; TFIIE-beta 356. T02238 33.0 kDa; TFIIE-beta 357. T01889 33.1 kDa; Brn-5(c1) 358. T01071 33.2 kDa; Hlf 359. T01641 33.2 kDa; PHO80 360. T01817 33.2 kDa; Mab-18 (296 AA) 361. T02031 33.2 kDa; HSF24 362. T02196 33.2 kDa; JunD 363. T01716 33.3 kDa; HOXA11 364. T01751 33.3 kDa; HOXD1 365. T01876 33.3 kDa; Brn-3a 366. T02304 33.4 kDa; Pur-1 367. T00128 33.5 kDa; HOXA4 368. T00874 33.5 kDa; USF 369. T01760 33.5 kDa; HOXD11 370. T02002 33.5 kDa; Cdx-2 371. T01691 33.6 kDa; TTP 372. T01847 33.6 kDa; TCF-1 373. T01878 33.6 kDa; Brn-3a(s) 374. T02003 33.6 kDa; Cdx-3 375. T01063 33.7 kDa; PEBP2alphaA2 376. T01718 33.8 kDa; HOXB1 377. T01800 33.8 kDa; Tal-1 378. T02020 33.8 kDa; En-2 379. T00134 33.9 kDa; c-Jun 380. T01078 33.9 kDa; GBF1 381. T02188 33.9 kDa; TFIIH-p34 382. T00615 34.0 kDa; NF-YA 383. T01513 34.0 kDa; AEF-1 384. T01836 34.0 kDa; Sox-2 385. T00690 34.1 kDa; PHO4 386. T01628 34.1 kDa; Ato 387. T01750 34.1 kDa; HOXD1 388. T01837 34.1 kDa; Sox-2 389. T00526 34.2 kDa; MyoD 390. T01241 34.2 kDa; INO2 391. T01388 34.2 kDa; C/EBP 392. T01675 34.2 kDa; Nkx-2.5 393. T02019 34.2 kDa; En-2 394. T02234 34.2 kDa; TFIIB 395. T00790 34.3 kDa; Tal-1 396. T00881 34.3 kDa; VBP 397. T01453 34.3 kDa; v-Fos 398. T01799 34.3 kDa; Tal-1 399. T01976 34.3 kDa; c-Jun 400. T02149 34.3 kDa; SRB5 401. T02233 34.3 kDa; TFIIB 402. T00183 34.4 kDa; DBP 403. T01242 34.4 kDa; SNP1 404. T02054 34.4 kDa; Hox11 405. T02158 34.4 kDa; TFIIB 406. T00519 34.5 kDa; Myf-3 407. T00525 34.5 kDa; MyoD 408. T00548 34.5 kDa; NF-AB 409. T00707 34.5 kDa; PUF-I 410. T01703 34.5 kDa; HOXA4 411. T02014 34.5 kDa; En-1 412. T00293 34.6 kDa; FRG Y1 413. T02055 34.6 kDa; Hox11 414. T00796 34.7 kDa; TBP 415. T02009 34.7 kDa; Dlx-2 416. T02160 34.7 kDa; TFIIB 417. T00818 34.8 kDa; TFIIB 418. T02159 34.8 kDa; TFIIB 419. T00348 34.9 kDa; HAP2 420. T00437 34.9 kDa; JunD 421. T01826 34.9 kDa; Pax-8c 422. T02197 34.9 kDa; JunD 423. T00165 35.0 kDa; deltaCREB 424. T00166 35.0 kDa; deltaCREB 425. T00816 35.0 kDa; TFIIA 426. T00846 35.0 kDa; TREB-1 427. T01755 35.0 kDa; HOXD9 428. T01938 35.0 kDa; IkappaB-alpha 429. T02022 35.0 kDa; C/EBPbeta 430. T01311 35.1 kDa; deltaCREB 431. T01552 35.2 kDa; TFEC 432. T01701 35.2 kDa; HOXA4 433. T01939 35.2 kDa; IkappaB-alpha 434. T01990 35.2 kDa; Fra-2 435. T01991 35.2 kDa; Fra-2 436. T02005 35.2 kDa; Dll 437. T02194 35.2 kDa; TFIIH-KIN28 438. T01881 35.3 kDa; Brn-3b 439. T02199 35.3 kDa; Fra-2 440. T00186 35.4 kDa; DbpB 441. T00910 35.4 kDa; YB-1 442. T01937 35.4 kDa; IkappaB-alpha 443. T01978 35.4 kDa; JunD 444. T02200 35.4 kDa; Fra-2 445. T00421 35.5 kDa; IREBF-1 446. T01433 35.5 kDa; MafB 447. T02202 35.5 kDa; MafB 448. T00950 35.6 kDa; IkappaB-alpha 449. T01424 35.6 kDa; HOXD9 450. T01681 35.6 kDa; PTFdelta 451. T00107 35.7 kDa; C/EBPalpha 452. T00133 35.7 kDa; c-Jun 453. T00235 35.7 kDa; EFIA 454. T01570 35.7 kDa; FlbD 455. T00236 35.8 kDa; EFIA 456. T00436 35.8 kDa; JunB 457. T00691 35.8 kDa; Pit-1a 458. T01439 35.8 kDa; kreisler 459. T02187 35.8 kDa; TFIIH-MAT1 460. T00131 35.9 kDa; c-Jun 461. T01977 35.9 kDa; JunB 462. T00132 36.0 kDa; c-Jun 463. T00291 36.0 kDa; FosB 464. T00538 36.0 kDa; NF-1 465. T01696 36.0 kDa; HOXA1 466. T00581 36.1 kDa; C/EBPbeta 467. T01055 36.2 kDa; Slp1 468. T01098 36.2 kDa; EmBP-1 469. T01540 36.2 kDa; Nau 470. T01992 36.2 kDa; abd-A 471. T00110 36.5 kDa; CeMyoD 472. T00423 36.5 kDa; IRF-1 473. T01309 36.6 kDa; CREMtau 474. T01589 36.6 kDa; MybSt1 475. T01695 36.6 kDa; HOXA1 476. T01919 36.6 kDa; CREMtau 477. T02112 36.6 kDa; TBP 478. T00163 36.7 kDa; CREB 479. T00937 36.7 kDa; HBP-1a 480. T00989 36.7 kDa; CREB 481. T01602 36.7 kDa; CREMtaualpha 482. T00938 36.8 kDa; HBP-1b 483. T01970 36.8 kDa; Mec-3 484. T00157 36.9 kDa; CP1B 485. T01386 36.9 kDa; C/EBP 486. T01392 36.9 kDa; GABP-beta2 487. T01404 36.9 kDa; GABP-beta2 488. T00164 37.0 kDa; CREB 489. T00185 37.0 kDa; DbpA 490. T00345 37.0 kDa; H 491. T00547 37.0 kDa; NF-AB 492. T01555 37.0 kDa; USF2 493. T01892 37.0 kDa; Sprm-1 494. T00424 37.1 kDa; IRF-1 495. T00498 37.1 kDa; MBP-1 (2) 496. T01076 37.1 kDa; Mec-3 497. T02240 37.1 kDa; TFIIE-beta 498. T00294 37.2 kDa; FRG Y2 499. T01595 37.2 kDa; CBF-C 500. T00422 37.3 kDa; IRF-1 501. T02079 37.3 kDa; Otx1 502. T01785 37.4 kDa; xMEF-2 503. T02080 37.5 kDa; Otx1 504. T00105 37.6 kDa; C/EBPalpha 505. T01607 37.6 kDa; E2F-5 506. T02081 37.6 kDa; Otx1 507. T02184 37.6 kDa; TFIIH-cyclin H 508. T00104 37.7 kDa; C/EBPalpha 509. T00108 37.7 kDa; C/EBPalpha 510. T00794 37.7 kDa; TBP 511. T01050 37.7 kDa; HNF-3gamma 512. T01677 37.7 kDa; LKLF 513. T02201 37.7 kDa; c-Maf (short form) 514. T02220 37.7 kDa; AML1DeltaN 515. T01676 37.8 kDa; EKLF 516. T02093 37.8 kDa; Ro 517. T02155 37.8 kDa; SRB11 518. T00677 37.9 kDa; Pax-1 519. T01668 37.9 kDa; MATH-1 520. T00651 38.0 kDa; Oct-4 521. T00858 38.0 kDa; TTF-1 522. T00859 38.0 kDa; TTF-1 523. T00971 38.0 kDa; IkappaB-beta 524. T01604 38.0 kDa; dCREB2-a 525. T00004 38.1 kDa; Sc 526. T01407 38.1 kDa; NRF-2gamma1 527. T01757 38.4 kDa; HOXD10 528. T02087 38.4 kDa; Pbx-1b 529. T02088 38.4 kDa; Pbx-1b 530. T00797 38.5 kDa; TBP 531. T01303 38.5 kDa; CREB-2 532. T01425 38.5 kDa; HOXD10 533. T02098 38.5 kDa; TTF-1 534. T00652 38.6 kDa; Oct-4A 535. T00746 38.6 kDa; SGF-3 536. T00856 38.6 kDa; TTF-1 537. T00857 38.6 kDa; TTF-1 538. T01012 38.6 kDa; xMEF-2 539. T01629 38.6 kDa; MATH-2 540. T01432 38.7 kDa; c-Maf 541. T01957 38.7 kDa; Isl-1 542. T00744 38.8 kDa; SGF-1 543. T01079 38.8 kDa; GBF2 544. T01430 38.9 kDa; v-Maf 545. T01431 38.9 kDa; c-Maf (long form) 546. T00125 39.0 kDa; c-Fos 547. T00268 39.0 kDa; GABP 548. T00304 39.0 kDa; GATA-1A 549. T01017 39.0 kDa; CRE-BP2 550. T01035 39.0 kDa; Isl-1 551. T01956 39.0 kDa; Isl-1 552. T02186 39.0 kDa; TFIIH-MO15 553. T00819 39.1 kDa; TFIIB 554. T02161 39.1 kDa; TFIIB 555. T01653 39.2 kDa; Delilah 556. T00917 39.3 kDa; Zen-1 557. T01491 39.3 kDa; IRF-2 558. T02301 39.3 kDa; CTF-7 559. T02319 39.3 kDa; PEBP2alphaA/til-1(U) 560. T00080 39.4 kDa; CBF1 561. T01884 39.4 kDa; Brn-4 562. T01885 39.4 kDa; Brn-4 563. T01886 39.4 kDa; Brn-4 564. T00425 39.5 kDa; IRF-2 565. T00732 39.5 kDa; Ro 566. T01625 39.7 kDa; NeuroD 567. T02295 39.7 kDa; TFIIIA 568. T02062 39.8 kDa; KN1 569. T02312 39.8 kDa; GATA-1B 570. T01898 39.9 kDa; I-POU 571. T00154 40.0 kDa; CP1A 572. T00200 40.0 kDa; DTF 573. T00272 40.0 kDa; Eve 574. T00399 40.0 kDa; IBF 575. T00416 40.0 kDa; IkappaB-beta 576. T00466 40.0 kDa; LF-A1 577. T00700 40.0 kDa; PTF 578. T00708 40.0 kDa; p40x 579. T00863 40.0 kDa; Ubx 580. T00868 40.0 kDa; URSF 581. T01106 40.0 kDa; EBP40 582. T01626 40.0 kDa; NeuroD 583. T01674 40.0 kDa; BETA3 584. T02015 40.0 kDa; En-1 585. T01899 40.2 kDa; tI-POU 586. T02032 40.2 kDa; HSF30 587. T02276 40.2 kDa; ATBP 588. T00782 40.3 kDa; TAF(II)55 589. T01259 40.3 kDa; ARG RIII 590. T02063 40.3 kDa; Knox3 591. T01288 40.6 kDa; PHD1 592. T01979 40.6 kDa; TCF-1E 593. T00123 40.7 kDa; c-Fos 594. T01395 40.7 kDa; HBP-1a(c14) 595. T00122 40.8 kDa; c-Fos 596. T01400 40.8 kDa; Ets-1 deltaVII 597. T01698 40.8 kDa; HOXA2 598. T01699 40.8 kDa; HOXA2 599. T02205 40.8 kDa; c-Fos 600. T00124 40.9 kDa; c-Fos 601. T00083 41.0 kDa; CBF (2) 602. T00088 41.0 kDa; CBF-B 603. T00829 41.0 kDa; TGA1a 604. T00924 41.0 kDa; CIIIB1 605. T01700 41.0 kDa; HOXA2 606. T02016 41.0 kDa; En-1 607. T01080 41.1 kDa; GBF3 608. T00769 41.2 kDa; Sry-beta 609. T01391 41.3 kDa; GABP-beta1 610. T01403 41.3 kDa; GABP-beta1 611. T02241 41.3 kDa; PEBP2alphaB2 612. T00265 41.4 kDa; Erg-1 613. T01643 41.4 kDa; H 614. T01715 41.4 kDa; HOXA10 615. T02294 41.4 kDa; XFD-2 616. T01440 41.6 kDa; NF-E2 p45 617. T01441 41.6 kDa; NF-E2 p45 618. T01452 41.6 kDa; v-Fos 619. T01843 41.6 kDa; Sox-18 620. T02231 41.6 kDa; TFIIA-L 621. T01482 41.7 kDa; Exd 622. T01825 41.7 kDa; Pax-8b 623. T01286 41.8 kDa; Rox1 624. T02052 41.8 kDa; CREB-2 625. T02229 41.8 kDa; TFIIA-L 626. T01373 42.0 kDa; CBTF 627. T01822 42.0 kDa; Pax-2b 628. T01968 42.0 kDa; LH-2 629. T02024 42.0 kDa; Evx-1 630. T00070 42.1 kDa; Pax-5 631. T01692 42.1 kDa; T3R-beta1 632. T01201 42.2 kDa; Pax-5 633. T01382 42.3 kDa; CRE-BP2 634. T01823 42.3 kDa; Pax-2 635. T02298 42.3 kDa; NF-1A3 636. T02021 42.4 kDa; Evx-1 637. T01406 42.5 kDa; NRF-2beta1 638. T02103 42.5 kDa; p53as 639. T00243 42.6 kDa; EGR3 640. T00305 42.6 kDa; GATA-1 641. T01550 42.7 kDa; dDP 642. T00026 42.8 kDa; Antp 643. T00306 42.8 kDa; GATA-1 644. T01877 42.8 kDa; Brn-3a(1) 645. T01958 42.8 kDa; Lmx-1 646. T02252 42.8 kDa; Ldb1 647. T02097 42.9 kDa; STM 648. T00135 43.0 kDa; c-Jun 649. T00242 43.0 kDa; EGR2 650. T00414 43.0 kDa; IkappaB-beta 651. T00446 43.0 kDa; 43K protein 652. T01096 43.0 kDa; GHF3 653. T01380 43.0 kDa; CREB 654. T01680 43.0 kDa; PTFgamma 655. T01827 43.0 kDa; Pax-8d 656. T01832 43.1 kDa; v-Qin 657. T01842 43.1 kDa; WT1 I-del2 658. T01429 43.2 kDa; Sox-5 659. T02023 43.2 kDa; Evx-1 660. T01722 43.5 kDa; HOXB3 661. T01806 43.5 kDa; p53 662. T01896 43.5 kDa; t-Pou2 663. T01866 43.6 kDa; Oct-2.4 664. T00671 43.7 kDa; p53 665. T01456 43.7 kDa; ISGF-3gamma 666. T01590 43.8 kDa; P (long form) 667. T01965 43.8 kDa; Lim-3 668. T02253 43.8 kDa; Ch-runtB2 669. T01874 43.9 kDa; Oct-11 670. T00877 44.0 kDa; USF 671. T00878 44.0 kDa; USF2 672. T01091 44.0 kDa; CPRF-1 673. T01546 44.0 kDa; E2F-4 674. T01942 44.0 kDa; IkappaB-gamma2 675. T01963 44.0 kDa; Lim-3 676. T01964 44.0 kDa; Lim-3 677. T02115 44.0 kDa; USF2 678. T00930 44.1 kDa; LEF-1 679. T00802 44.2 kDa; TCF-1alpha 680. T01723 44.3 kDa; HOXB3 681. T01414 44.4 kDa; Net 682. T01724 44.4 kDa; HOXB3 683. T02185 44.4 kDa; TFIIH-p44 684. T01051 44.5 kDa; XFD-1 685. T01413 44.5 kDa; Net 686. T01830 44.5 kDa; XFD-1′ 687. T01960 44.5 kDa; Lim-1 688. T00278 44.6 kDa; delta factor 689. T00162 44.7 kDa; CreA 690. T00865 44.7 kDa; UCRBP 691. T01841 44.7 kDa; WT1-del2 692. T02128 44.7 kDa; SAP-1b 693. T00678 44.8 kDa; Pax-2a 694. T00915 44.8 kDa; YY1 695. T00955 44.8 kDa; DSXF 696. T01541 44.8 kDa; Esc1 697. T01954 44.8 kDa; vHNF-1C 698. T01959 44.8 kDa; Lim-1 699. T01961 44.8 kDa; Lim-1 700. T00250 44.9 kDa; Elk-1 701. T01962 44.9 kDa; Lim-1 702. T00051 45.0 kDa; ATF 703. T00069 45.0 kDa; BrlA 704. T00215 45.0 kDa; muEBP-C2 705. T00527 45.0 kDa; MyoD 706. T00563 45.0 kDa; NF-muE3 707. T00834 45.0 kDa; TIN-1 708. T00995 45.0 kDa; DBSF 709. T01052 45.0 kDa; XFD-1+ 710. T01107 45.0 kDa; EBP45 711. T01215 45.0 kDa; NF-muE3 712. T01353 45.0 kDa; PPARbeta 713. T01365 45.0 kDa; p45 714. T02096 45.0 kDa; Scr 715. T01548 45.1 kDa; DP-1 716. T01549 45.1 kDa; DP-1 717. T01834 45.1 kDa; Axial 718. T01838 45.2 kDa; Sox-4 719. T01850 45.2 kDa; DSP1 720. T02193 45.2 kDa; TFIIH-CCL1 721. T00656 45.3 kDa; Oct-6 722. T00178 45.4 kDa; CTF-3 723. T00969 45.5 kDa; Oct-6 724. T01820 45.5 kDa; Gsb 725. T02288 45.5 kDa; HFH-1 726. T00445 45.6 kDa; Kni 727. T01867 45.7 kDa; Oct-2.6 728. T01075 45.8 kDa; lin-11 729. T01239 45.8 kDa; CAD1 730. T01921 45.9 kDa; Gfi-1 731. T00141 46.0 kDa; c-Myc 732. T00786 46.0 kDa; TAF-II 733. T00836 46.0 kDa; T3R 734. T00837 46.0 kDa; T3R 735. T00838 46.0 kDa; T3R 736. T00839 46.0 kDa; T3R 737. T00840 46.0 kDa; T3R 738. T00854 46.0 kDa; T3R 739. T01385 46.0 kDa; CREB 740. T00763 46.1 kDa; SRF 741. T00149 46.2 kDa; COUP 742. T01543 46.3 kDa; E2F-1 743. T01915 46.3 kDa; NF-1X1 744. T01409 46.4 kDa; p38erg 745. T01265 46.5 kDa; MAC1 746. T01647 46.5 kDa; Dpn 747. T02279 46.5 kDa; ZNF174 748. T01122 46.6 kDa; Pax-6 749. T01481 46.6 kDa; Pbx-1a 750. T02176 46.6 kDa; TFIIF-beta 751. T00681 46.7 kDa; Pax-6 752. T01967 46.7 kDa; LH-2 753. T00737 46.8 kDa; SAP-1a 754. T00841 46.8 kDa; T3R-alpha 755. T01152 46.8 kDa; T3R-alpha1 756. T01173 46.8 kDa; T3R-alpha 757. T01342 46.8 kDa; T3R-alpha1 758. T01351 46.8 kDa; T3R-alpha 759. T01554 46.8 kDa; Mi 760. T01683 46.8 kDa; PTFbeta 761. T01928 46.8 kDa; Bcl-3 762. T00295 46.9 kDa; Ftz 763. T00630 46.9 kDa; N-Oct-3 764. T01542 46.9 kDa; E2F-1 765. T01553 46.9 kDa; Mi 766. T01903 46.9 kDa; NF-1X 767. T00029 47.0 kDa; AP-1 768. T00045 47.0 kDa; ARP-1 769. T00388 47.0 kDa; H1TF2 770. T00442 47.0 kDa; 47-kDa CRE bind. prot. 771. T00539 47.0 kDa; NF-1 772. T01690 47.1 kDa; Elt-2 773. T01873 47.1 kDa; N-Oct-3 774. T00900 47.2 kDa; WT1 I-KTS 775. T01524 47.2 kDa; N-Oct-3 776. T01276 47.3 kDa; Sox-4 777. T02321 47.3 kDa; SRE-ZBP 778. T00552 47.4 kDa; NF-1B2 779. T01526 47.4 kDa; Brachyury 780. T01966 47.4 kDa; LH-2 781. T01544 47.5 kDa; E2F-2 782. T01840 47.5 kDa; WT1 I 783. T02236 47.6 kDa; TFIIE 784. T02237 47.6 kDa; TFIIE-alpha 785. T02300 47.6 kDa; CTF-5 786. T00882 47.8 kDa; VDR 787. T01774 47.8 kDa; APETALA2 788. T00177 47.9 kDa; CTF-2 789. T00806 47.9 kDa; TEF-1 790. T01124 47.9 kDa; TEF-1 791. T01768 47.9 kDa; MEF-2C/delta32 792. T00310 48.0 kDa; GATA-3 793. T00439 48.0 kDa; KBF1 794. T00568 48.0 kDa; NF-E1c 795. T01213 48.0 kDa; KBF1 796. T02156 48.0 kDa; Esc 797. T02157 48.0 kDa; TFIIA 798. T00035 48.1 kDa; AP-2 799. T01824 48.1 kDa; Pax-8a 800. T00402 48.2 kDa; ICSBP 801. T01468 48.2 kDa; ZID 802. T01469 48.2 kDa; Ik-1 803. T01814 48.2 kDa; Pax-6/Pd-5a 804. T01821 48.2 kDa; Gsbn 805. T00885 48.3 kDa; VDR 806. T01916 48.3 kDa; NF-1X2 807. T02036 48.3 kDa; CRE-BP3 808. T02038 48.3 kDa; ICSBP 809. T00682 48.4 kDa; Pax[zf-a] 810. T00716 48.5 kDa; RAR 811. T01049 48.5 kDa; HNF-3B 812. T00490 48.6 kDa; MAZ 813. T02235 48.6 kDa; PEBP2alphaB1 814. T02245 48.7 kDa; AML1b 815. T00140 48.8 kDa; c-Myc 816. T00371 48.8 kDa; HNF-3 817. T00610 48.8 kDa; NF-1X 818. T02303 48.8 kDa; Pur-1 819. T00142 48.9 kDa; c-Myc 820. T01828 48.9 kDa; Pax-8 821. T01833 48.9 kDa; c-Qin 822. T01839 48.9 kDa; WT1-KTS 823. T02056 48.9 kDa; CRE-BP1 824. T00106 49.0 kDa; C/EBP 825. T00143 49.0 kDa; c-Myc 826. T01599 49.0 kDa; LCR-F1 827. T02165 49.0 kDa; TFIIE-alpha 828. T01545 49.1 kDa; E2F-3 829. T01869 49.1 kDa; Oct-2.8 830. T01930 49.1 kDa; NF-kappaB2 (p49) 831. T02306 49.1 kDa; GCMa 832. T00554 49.2 kDa; NF-1C2 833. T02037 49.3 kDa; ICSBP 834. T01819 49.4 kDa; Pax-6 835. T01870 49.4 kDa; Oct-2.1 836. T00646 49.5 kDa; Oct-2.1 837. T00996 49.5 kDa; SRY 838. T01041 49.5 kDa; HSF 839. T01445 49.5 kDa; N-Myc 840. T01864 49.5 kDa; Oct-2.1 841. T02162 49.5 kDa; TFIIE-alpha 842. T00053 49.6 kDa; ATF-adelta 843. T00767 49.7 kDa; Sry-delta 844. T00952 49.7 kDa; AP-2 845. T02030 49.7 kDa; Sd 846. T02307 49.7 kDa; GCMa 847. T01341 49.8 kDa; RAR-gamma2 848. T00718 49.9 kDa; RAR 849. T00033 50.0 kDa; AP-2 850. T00034 50.0 kDa; AP-2 851. T00037 50.0 kDa; AP-5 852. T00201 50.0 kDa; DTF-1 853. T00222 50.0 kDa; E4F 854. T00380 50.0 kDa; H2RIIBP 855. T00434 50.0 kDa; IUF-1 856. T00435 50.0 kDa; JRF 857. T00479 50.0 kDa; LyF-1 858. T00567 50.0 kDa; NF-E1b 859. T00719 50.0 kDa; RAR-alpha1 860. T00733 50.0 kDa; RPF1 861. T01465 50.0 kDa; TRF (2) 862. T01923 50.0 kDa; NF-kappaB1 863. T00668 50.1 kDa; Opaque-2 864. T02053 50.1 kDa; HB24 865. T01260 50.2 kDa; STD1 866. T00111 50.3 kDa; c-Ets-1 867. T00721 50.3 kDa; RAR-beta 868. T01326 50.3 kDa; RAR-beta2 869. T01330 50.3 kDa; RAR-gamma1 870. T01338 50.3 kDa; RAR-beta2 871. T01766 50.3 kDa; MEF-2C (465 AA form) 872. T02040 50.3 kDa; c-Ets-1A 873. T00112 50.4 kDa; c-Ets-1 874. T00114 50.4 kDa; c-Ets-1 54 875. T01769 50.4 kDa; MEF-2C 876. T01689 50.5 kDa; Staf-50 877. T02292 50.5 kDa; BF-2 878. T00372 50.6 kDa; HNF-4 879. T01056 50.6 kDa; slp2 880. T01337 50.6 kDa; RAR-beta1 881. T02144 50.6 kDa; ADA2 882. T01335 50.7 kDa; RAR-alpha1 883. T01253 50.8 kDa; PUB1 884. T01340 50.8 kDa; RAR-gamma1 885. T01345 50.8 kDa; RXR-alpha 886. T02029 50.8 kDa; C/EBP 887. T02051 50.8 kDa; HB24 888. T01333 50.9 kDa; RXR-gamma 889. T01336 50.9 kDa; RAR-alpha2 890. T00396 51.0 kDa; Pax-7 891. T00593 51.0 kDa; NF-kappaB1 892. T01267 51.0 kDa; GAL80 893. T01390 51.0 kDa; GABP-alpha 894. T01408 51.0 kDa; Fli-1 895. T01906 51.0 kDa; NF-1A5 896. T02066 51.0 kDa; Fli-1 897. T02067 51.0 kDa; Fli-1 898. T00647 51.1 kDa; Oct-2 899. T01815 51.1 kDa; Vab-3 900. T02305 51.1 kDa; MAZi 901. T00650 51.2 kDa; Oct-2 902. T01331 51.2 kDa; RXR-alpha 903. T01663 51.2 kDa; TR2-9 904. T02283 51.2 kDa; Kox1 905. T00079 51.3 kDa; Cad 906. T00251 51.3 kDa; ELP 907. T00648 51.3 kDa; Oct-2 908. T01402 51.4 kDa; GABP-alpha 909. T01428 51.4 kDa; E4BP4 910. T01572 51.4 kDa; LSIRF-2 911. T01831 51.5 kDa; BF-1 912. T01895 51.5 kDa; Pou2 913. T02145 51.5 kDa; GCN5 914. T00764 51.6 kDa; SRF 915. T01412 51.6 kDa; NF-EM5 916. T01865 51.8 kDa; Oct-2.3 917. T02246 51.8 kDa; AML1c 918. T01046 51.9 kDa; HSF3 919. T00266 52.0 kDa; Erg-2 920. T00394 52.0 kDa; NF-kappaB2 921. T00785 52.0 kDa; TAF-I 922. T00899 52.0 kDa; WT1 923. T01074 52.1 kDa; Ap 924. T00851 52.2 kDa; T3R-beta 925. T01882 52.3 kDa; Unc-86 926. T02191 52.3 kDa; TFIIH-p50 927. T00694 52.4 kDa; PPAR 928. T00991 52.4 kDa; PPAR 929. T01618 52.5 kDa; EBNA-2 930. T00077 52.6 kDa; CACCC-binding factor 931. T00853 52.7 kDa; T3R-beta1 932. T01943 52.7 kDa; IkappaBR 933. T02085 52.7 kDa; Elg 934. T02135 52.7 kDa; TAF(I)48 935. T01397 52.8 kDa; c-Ets-2 936. T01951 52.8 kDa; HNF-1C 937. T02297 52.8 kDa; NF-1A2 938. T01352 52.9 kDa; PPARalpha 939. T01868 52.9 kDa; Oct-2.7 940. T02104 52.9 kDa; HSF1 (short) 941. T00113 53.0 kDa; c-Ets-2 942. T00679 53.0 kDa; Pax-3 943. T00680 53.0 kDa; Pax-3 944. T01357 53.0 kDa; RAR-gamma1 945. T01417 53.0 kDa; tel 946. T01662 53.0 kDa; TR2 947. T00006 53.2 kDa; Ase 948. T01010 53.2 kDa; RSRFC9 949. T01066 53.3 kDa; runt 950. T01339 53.3 kDa; RAR-beta3 951. T00120 53.5 kDa; CF2-II 952. T01009 53.6 kDa; RSRFC4 953. T01044 53.6 kDa; HSF1 954. T00505 53.7 kDa; MEF-2 955. T01933 53.8 kDa; Cactus 956. T02008 53.8 kDa; Ems 957. T02129 53.8 kDa; p55erg 958. T02130 53.8 kDa; p49erg 959. T01200 53.9 kDa; Egr-1 960. T02041 53.9 kDa; c-Ets-2A 961. T02127 53.9 kDa; c-Ets-2B 962. T00220 54.0 kDa; E2F 963. T00221 54.0 kDa; E2F 964. T00373 54.0 kDa; HNF-4 965. T01354 54.1 kDa; PPARgamma 966. T01771 54.1 kDa; MEF-2D 967. T00894 54.3 kDa; Vmw65 968. T01054 54.3 kDa; Fkh 969. T01772 54.3 kDa; D-MEF2 970. T00599 54.4 kDa; NF-1/L 971. T01517 54.4 kDa; Twi 972. T01571 54.4 kDa; IRF-3 973. T00063 54.5 kDa; Bcd 974. T00116 54.5 kDa; c-Ets-2 58-64 975. T00167 54.5 kDa; CRE-BP1 976. T02291 54.5 kDa; Croc 977. T01905 54.6 kDa; NF-1A4 978. T01713 54.7 kDa; HOXA10 979. T01917 54.7 kDa; NF-1X3 980. T02239 54.7 kDa; TFIIE-alpha 981. T00301 54.8 kDa; GAGA factor 982. T01005 54.8 kDa; MEF-2 983. T01153 54.8 kDa; T3R-alpha2 984. T00384 54.9 kDa; HSF 985. T01525 54.9 kDa; HSF1 986. T00115 55.0 kDa; c-Ets-1 68 987. T00117 55.0 kDa; CF1 988. T00314 55.0 kDa; GATA-3 989. T01198 55.0 kDa; NRF-2 990. T01199 55.0 kDa; NRF-2 991. T01240 55.0 kDa; ABF1 992. T01349 55.0 kDa; RXR-beta 993. T01362 55.0 kDa; Hp55 994. T01476 55.0 kDa; Abd-B 995. T01343 55.1 kDa; T3R-alpha2 996. T01910 55.1 kDa; NF-1B3 997. T01918 55.1 kDa; NF-1C1 998. T02281 55.1 kDa; AML3 999. T01084 55.2 kDa; TEC1 1000. T01875 55.4 kDa; Oct-2 1001. T00175 55.5 kDa; CTF-1 1002. T01901 55.5 kDa; PDM-2 1003. T00176 55.6 kDa; CTF-1 1004. T01616 55.7 kDa; RBP-Jkappa 1005. T01062 55.8 kDa; PEBP2alphaA1 1006. T00897 55.9 kDa; v-Rel 1007. T01770 55.9 kDa; MEF-2D 1008. T00307 56.0 kDa; GATA-2 1009. T00509 56.0 kDa; MIG1 1010. T00692 56.0 kDa; PO-B 1011. T00993 56.0 kDa; hsp56 1012. T01226 56.0 kDa; PO-B 1013. T01904 56.0 kDa; NF-1A1.1 1014. T02296 56.0 kDa; NF-1A1 1015. T01853 56.1 kDa; SOX-9 1016. T02308 56.1 kDa; GCMb 1017. T01597 56.2 kDa; NF2d9 1018. T02302 56.2 kDa; GCM 1019. T01907 56.3 kDa; NF-1C1 1020. T01784 56.4 kDa; MEF-2 1021. T01603 56.5 kDa; dCREB-A 1022. T00244 56.6 kDa; Egr-1 1023. T01941 56.6 kDa; IkappaB-gamma1 1024. T01308 56.8 kDa; CRE-BPa 1025. T01334 56.9 kDa; RXR-beta 1026. T00152 57.0 kDa; CP2 1027. T00807 57.0 kDa; TEF-2 1028. T00151 57.2 kDa; CP2 1029. T01998 57.2 kDa; Cnc 1030. T01042 57.3 kDa; HSF1 (long) 1031. T01568 57.3 kDa; MYB.Ph3 1032. T00956 57.4 kDa; DSXM 1033. T02318 57.4 kDa; PEBP2alphaA/til-1 1034. T00544 57.5 kDa; NF-1A1 1035. T01088 57.7 kDa; ILF 1036. T01273 57.9 kDa; TAF(II)60 1037. T01950 57.9 kDa; HNF-1B 1038. T00058 58.0 kDa; BAP 1039. T00389 58.0 kDa; H2TF1 1040. T00440 58.0 kDa; KBF2 1041. T01364 58.0 kDa; p58 1042. T02164 58.0 kDa; TFIIE 1043. T01350 58.1 kDa; T3R-beta2 1044. T00972 58.2 kDa; HSF2 1045. T02168 58.3 kDa; TFIIF-alpha 1046. T01953 58.4 kDa; vHNF-1B 1047. T01617 58.5 kDa; RBP-Jkappa 1048. T01909 58.6 kDa; NF-1B2 1049. T02171 58.7 kDa; TFIIF-alpha 1050. T02320 58.7 kDa; PEBP2alphaA/til-1 (Y) 1051. T00358 59.0 kDa; HEF-1T 1052. T00990 59.0 kDa; FKBP59 1053. T01527 59.0 kDa; RORalpha1 1054. T01897 59.0 kDa; Cf1a 1055. T01523 59.1 kDa; p65delta 1056. T01934 59.1 kDa; c-Rel 1057. T00253 59.4 kDa; En 1058. T01883 59.5 kDa; CEH-18 1059. T00252 60.0 kDa; embryo DNA binding protein 1060. T00448 60.0 kDa; 60K protein 1061. T00553 60.0 kDa; NF-BA1 1062. T00608 60.0 kDa; NF-W1 1063. T00622 60.0 kDa; NHP-2 1064. T00649 60.0 kDa; Oct-2 1065. T00734 60.0 kDa; RVF 1066. T00735 60.0 kDa; RVF 1067. T00736 60.0 kDa; RVF 1068. T00812 60.0 kDa; TFEB 1069. T00884 60.0 kDa; VDR 1070. T00906 60.0 kDa; XPF-1 1071. T01133 60.0 kDa; TTF-2 1072. T01195 60.0 kDa; NHP-2 1073. T01196 60.0 kDa; NHP-2 1074. T01489 60.0 kDa; RBP60 1075. T01490 60.0 kDa; RBP60 1076. T02167 60.0 kDa; TFIIE 1077. T00594 60.2 kDa; RelA 1078. T00595 60.2 kDa; RelA 1079. T00964 60.2 kDa; Oct-2B 1080. T01043 60.3 kDa; HSF2 1081. T01932 60.3 kDa; RelB 1082. T00676 60.6 kDa; Pap1+ 1083. T01614 60.6 kDa; Skn-1 1084. T00684 60.8 kDa; PEA3 1085. T00263 61.0 kDa; ER 1086. T02154 61.2 kDa; SRB10 1087. T00891 61.3 kDa; vHNF-1A 1088. T00889 61.4 kDa; vHNF-1 1089. T01955 61.5 kDa; vHNF-1 1090. T00890 61.7 kDa; vHNF-1 1091. T00918 61.8 kDa; Zeste 1092. T02282 61.8 kDa; Glass 1093. T00289 62.0 kDa; f-EBP 1094. T00351 62.0 kDa; HAP4 1095. T00449 62.0 kDa; 62K protein 1096. T00604 62.0 kDa; NF-1/Red1 1097. T00936 62.0 kDa; ENKTF-1 1098. T01070 62.0 kDa; TREF2 1099. T01399 62.0 kDa; TCF 1100. T01931 62.0 kDa; RelB 1101. T02183 62.0 kDa; TFIIH-p62 1102. T01040 62.1 kDa; Olf-1 1103. T01529 62.3 kDa; RORalpha3 1104. T00329 62.5 kDa; Glass 1105. T00551 62.6 kDa; NF-1B1 1106. T01045 62.8 kDa; HSF2 1107. T01997 62.8 kDa; dFRA 1108. T00474 63.0 kDa; LSF 1109. T00803 63.0 kDa; TCF-2alpha 1110. T00862 63.0 kDa; UBP-1 1111. T01246 63.0 kDa; TBF1 1112. T01528 63.0 kDa; RORalpha2 1113. T02134 63.0 kDa; TAF(I)63 1114. T01894 63.1 kDa; pou[c] 1115. T00689 63.4 kDa; PHO2 1116. T01256 63.6 kDa; HCM1 1117. T02248 63.6 kDa; StuAp 1118. T00193 63.8 kDa; Dfd 1119. T00095 64.0 kDa; CCAAT-binding factor 1120. T00701 64.0 kDa; PTF1-beta 1121. T01185 64.0 kDa; CCAAT-binding factor 1122. T01186 64.0 kDa; CCAAT-binding factor 1123. T01227 64.0 kDa; PTF1 1124. T01254 64.3 kDa; PAB1 1125. T02124 64.3 kDa; TAF(II)60 1126. T01112 64.4 kDa; EBF 1127. T02173 64.5 kDa; TFIIF-alpha 1128. T01940 64.8 kDa; IkappaB-gamma 1129. T00169 65.0 kDa; c-Rel 1130. T00262 65.0 kDa; ER 1131. T00392 65.0 kDa; H4TF-2 1132. T00560 65.0 kDa; NF-E4 1133. T00587 65.0 kDa; NF-kappaB 1134. T00588 65.0 kDa; NF-kappaB 1135. T00590 65.0 kDa; NF-kappaB 1136. T01363 65.0 kDa; Hp65 1137. T02247 65.0 kDa; Staf 1138. T01900 65.2 kDa; PDM-1 1139. T02266 65.2 kDa; PEBP2alphaA/Osf2 1140. T01598 65.3 kDa; ECH 1141. T01672 65.3 kDa; RFX5 1142. T00699 65.5 kDa; Prd 1143. T00049 66.0 kDa; ATF 1144. T00062 66.0 kDa; BGP1 1145. T00156 66.0 kDa; alpha-CP2a, alpha-CP2b 1146. T01443 66.1 kDa; Nrf2 1147. T00261 66.2 kDa; ER 1148. T00463 66.3 kDa; Lc 1149. T00674 66.4 kDa; E47 1150. T00710 66.6 kDa; R 1151. T00264 66.7 kDa; ER 1152. T01154 66.8 kDa; c-Rel 1153. T01415 66.8 kDa; pointedP1 1154. T01615 66.9 kDa; Su(H) 1155. T02204 66.9 kDa; Nrf2 1156. T00258 67.0 kDa; ER 1157. T00259 67.0 kDa; ER 1158. T00672 67.0 kDa; p67 1159. T00761 67.0 kDa; SRF 1160. T00762 67.0 kDa; SRF 1161. T00765 67.0 kDa; SRF 1162. T01244 67.0 kDa; HSF 1163. T02272 67.0 kDa; HEB1-p67 1164. T01211 67.2 kDa; HNF-1 1165. T00207 67.3 kDa; E47 1166. T00368 67.3 kDa; HNF-1A 1167. T01664 67.3 kDa; TR2-11 1168. T00204 67.4 kDa; E12 1169. T01113 67.5 kDa; Elf-1 1170. T00675 67.7 kDa; E12 1171. T01849 67.9 kDa; Ixr1 1172. T02287 67.9 kDa; phiAP3 1173. T00203 68.0 kDa; E1 1174. T00791 68.0 kDa; TAR factor 1175. T01245 68.0 kDa; Reb1p 1176. T01374 68.0 kDa; URF 1177. T02100 68.1 kDa; Zeste 1178. T02064 68.2 kDa; Lab 1179. T00168 68.5 kDa; c-Rel 1180. T01292 68.6 kDa; RIM1 1181. T00843 69.0 kDa; Ttk 69K 1182. T01835 69.2 kDa; Whn 1183. T01952 69.2 kDa; HNF-1 1184. T01258 69.7 kDa; MSN4 1185. T02078 69.7 kDa; Otd 1186. T00068 70.0 kDa; BRF1 1187. T00621 70.0 kDa; NHP-1 1188. T01165 70.0 kDa; H16 1189. T01193 70.0 kDa; NHP-1 1190. T01194 70.0 kDa; NHP-1 1191. T01787 70.0 kDa; E12 1192. T01306 70.2 kDa; SKO1 1193. T01250 70.3 kDa; BUF2 1194. T02310 70.3 kDa; MET4 1195. T01793 70.4 kDa; GE1 1196. T00433 71.2 kDa; ITF-2 1197. T00138 71.5 kDa; c-Myb 1198. T02208 71.5 kDa; TAF(II)70-gamma 1199. T01660 71.8 kDa; PR A 1200. T00976 72.0 kDa; NFdeltaE3A 1201. T00028 72.5 kDa; AP-1 1202. T00137 72.5 kDa; c-Myb 1203. T00139 72.5 kDa; c-Myb 1204. T00783 72.7 kDa; TAF(II)70-alpha 1205. T01497 72.9 kDa; ALF1A 1206. T01503 72.9 kDa; HEB 1207. T01679 72.9 kDa; PacC 1208. T01789 72.9 kDa; SCBPgamma 1209. T02190 72.9 kDa; TFIIH-p73 1210. T00064 73.0 kDa; BmFTZ-F1 1211. T00887 73.0 kDa; VETF 1212. T01863 73.0 kDa; Oct-1C 1213. T01087 73.3 kDa; Vp1 1214. T01783 73.5 kDa; RLM1 1215. T00750 73.6 kDa; Sim 1216. T01251 73.7 kDa; PCT1 1217. T01994 73.7 kDa; CAUP 1218. T01034 73.9 kDa; Da 1219. T00219 74.0 kDa; E2F 1220. T00495 74.0 kDa; MBF-I 1221. T01594 74.7 kDa; v-Myb/v-Ets 1222. T00054 75.0 kDa; ATF-like 1223. T00136 75.0 kDa; c-Myb 1224. T00443 75.0 kDa; 75 kDa protein 1225. T00662 75.0 kDa; Oct-2B 1226. T01421 75.0 kDa; PTF1-alpha 1227. T01264 75.4 kDa; HST 1228. T01993 75.4 kDa; ARA 1229. T00196 75.5 kDa; Dl 1230. T01791 75.7 kDa; SCBPbeta 1231. T01496 75.8 kDa; ALF1B 1232. T01790 75.8 kDa; SCBPalpha 1233. T01289 75.9 kDa; STE12 1234. T00855 76.0 kDa; TSAP 1235. T01031 76.0 kDa; Oct-1 1236. T00641 76.5 kDa; Oct-1 1237. T01669 76.5 kDa; RFX2 1238. T01862 76.8 kDa; Oct-1B 1239. T00386 76.9 kDa; HSTF 1240. T01416 77.6 kDa; pointedP2 1241. T01586 77.7 kDa; B-Myb 1242. T01257 77.8 kDa; MSN2 1243. T01945 77.8 kDa; NF-ATc 1244. T02209 77.9 kDa; TAF(II)70-beta 1245. T00772 78.0 kDa; STE12 1246. T02148 78.5 kDa; SRB4 1247. T01396 78.6 kDa; yan 1248. T00065 78.8 kDa; B-Myb 1249. T02322 78.8 kDa; BCL-6 1250. T00922 79.1 kDa; Zmhox1a 1251. T01587 79.1 kDa; B-Myb 1252. T00315 79.3 kDa; GBF 1253. T02122 79.3 kDa; TAF(II)80 1254. T02146 79.3 kDa; ADA3 1255. T01670 79.4 kDa; RFX3 1256. T00644 79.5 kDa; Oct-1A 1257. T01097 79.5 kDa; GT-2 1258. T01975 79.9 kDa; RREB-1 1259. T00211 80.0 kDa; EBNA-1 1260. T01161 80.0 kDa; EBP-80 1261. T01667 80.0 kDa; RFX2 1262. T01856 80.7 kDa; SSRP1 1263. T00754 81.0 kDa; Sp1 1264. T01003 81.1 kDa; SSRP1 1265. T01442 81.5 kDa; Nrf1 1266. T01920 81.5 kDa; GR beta 1267. T02203 81.5 kDa; Nrf1 1268. T01848 81.7 kDa; Dm-SSRP1 1269. T02278 81.7 kDa; SEM-4 1270. T00056 82.0 kDa; BAF1 1271. T00451 82.0 kDa; 77 + 82K protein 1272. T01069 82.0 kDa; TREF1 1273. T02175 82.2 kDa; TFIIF-alpha 1274. T01661 82.4 kDa; PR A 1275. T00172 82.8 kDa; CTCF 1276. T02284 82.8 kDa; CTCF 1277. T00383 83.0 kDa; HSF 1278. T01573 83.0 kDa; STAT1beta 1279. T02315 83.1 kDa; Rc 1280. T01454 83.2 kDa; Hsp90 1281. T01585 83.6 kDa; A-Myb 1282. T02285 83.7 kDa; CTCF 1283. T01794 84.0 kDa; INSAF 1284. T00426 85.0 kDa; alpha-IRP 1285. T00867 85.0 kDa; UHF-1 1286. T01295 85.0 kDa; FTS 1287. T01796 85.0 kDa; Arnt (774 AA form) 1288. T01583 85.1 kDa; A-Myb 1289. T01845 85.2 kDa; Sox-LZ 1290. T01252 85.5 kDa; CDC10 1291. T01584 85.5 kDa; A-Myb 1292. T02084 85.6 kDa; Pb 1293. T02219 85.6 kDa; Lz 1294. T00337 85.7 kDa; GR alpha 1295. T00698 85.7 kDa; PR 1296. T00931 85.8 kDa; AmdR 1297. T01576 85.9 kDa; STAT4 1298. T00914 86.0 kDa; YPF1 1299. T01582 86.0 kDa; A-Myb 1300. T00335 86.1 kDa; GR 1301. T01988 86.4 kDa; STAT 1302. T00002 86.6 kDa; ACE2 1303. T01346 86.6 kDa; Arnt 1304. T00784 86.7 kDa; TAF(II)100 1305. T01684 86.9 kDa; TEA1 1306. T02182 86.9 kDa; TFIIH-p80 1307. T01797 87.0 kDa; Arnt 1308. T00208 87.1 kDa; E74A 1309. T01575 87.2 kDa; STAT1 1310. T01844 87.2 kDa; Sox-LZ 1311. T02177 87.2 kDa; SIII-p110 1312. T02178 87.2 kDa; SIII-p110 1313. T01492 87.3 kDa; STAT1alpha 1314. T01642 87.3 kDa; NUC-1 1315. T01547 87.5 kDa; dE2F 1316. T00455 88.0 kDa; Krox-24 1317. T00929 88.0 kDa; PRDI-BF1 1318. T01574 88.0 kDa; STAT3 1319. T01493 88.1 kDa; STAT3 1320. T00844 88.2 kDa; Ttk 88K 1321. T00709 89.0 kDa; qa-1F 1322. T01085 89.2 kDa; abaA 1323. T02181 89.3 kDa; TFIIH-p90 1324. T02189 89.8 kDa; TFIIH-p85 1325. T00055 90.0 kDa; B‘’ 1326. T00369 90.0 kDa; HNF-1 1327. T00387 90.0 kDa; H1TF1 1328. T00638 90.0 kDa; NTF 1329. T00944 90.0 kDa; STAT5B 1330. T00992 90.0 kDa; Hsp90 1331. T01272 90.0 kDa; TAF-90 1332. T02243 90.0 kDa; TFIIF 1333. T01013 90.6 kDa; SWI6 1334. T01579 90.8 kDa; STAT5A 1335. T01578 90.9 kDa; STAT5 1336. T00320 91.0 kDa; GCF 1337. T01247 91.0 kDa; UME6 1338. T01795 91.7 kDa; AhR 1339. T00725 92.1 kDa; REB1 1340. T00715 92.5 kDa; RAP1 1341. T01610 92.7 kDa; HIF-1alpha 1342. T00385 93.3 kDa; HSTF 1343. T01818 93.3 kDa; Ey 1344. T01581 93.7 kDa; STAT6 1345. T00333 94.0 kDa; GR 1346. T01611 94.0 kDa; HIF-1beta 1347. T02271 94.0 kDa; HEB1-p94 1348. T00940 94.1 kDa; GRF-1 1349. T01580 94.1 kDa; STAT6 1350. T00322 94.3 kDa; GCR1 1351. T00957 94.3 kDa; OBP 1352. T00210 94.8 kDa; E74B 1353. T00018 95.0 kDa; AhR 1354. T00739 95.0 kDa; SBF-1 1355. T00759 95.0 kDa; Sp1 1356. T01230 95.0 kDa; Vav 1357. T02133 95.3 kDa; TAF(I)110 1358. T02192 95.3 kDa; TFIIH-SSL2/RAD25 1359. T00768 95.4 kDa; Sry h-1 1360. T02316 95.8 kDa; Blimp-1 1361. T00453 96.0 kDa; 96K-protein 1362. T00019 96.2 kDa; AhR 1363. T00458 97.0 kDa; LAC9 1364. T00779 97.0 kDa; TAF(II)125 1365. T01494 97.9 kDa; STAT2 1366. T00041 98.2 kDa; AR 1367. T00042 98.2 kDa; AR 1368. T00880 98.4 kDa; Vav 1369. T01562 98.5 kDa; ADD1 1370. T00697 98.7 kDa; PR 1371. T00040 99.0 kDa; AR 1372. T00302 99.0 kDa; GAL4 1373. T00696 99.0 kDa; PR 1374. T02121 99.3 kDa; TAF(II)110 1375. T01929 99.7 kDa; NF-kappaB2 precursor 1376. T00194 100.0 kDa; dioxin receptor 1377. T00642 100.0 kDa; Oct-1 1378. T00788 100.0 kDa; T-Ag 1379. T01305 100.0 kDa; CBP100 1380. T01927 100.6 kDa; NF-kappaB2 precursor 1381. T01499 102.0 kDa; IL-6 RE-BP 1382. T01666 103.7 kDa; RFX1 1383. T01673 104.7 kDa; RFX1 1384. T01109 105.0 kDa; TCF-1 1385. T01925 105.4 kDa; NF-kappaB1 precursor 1386. T01924 105.6 kDa; NF-kappaB1 precursor 1387. T01486 106.1 kDa; p107 1388. T00805 106.2 kDa; Tsh 1389. T00774 106.3 kDa; su(Hw) 1390. T00511 106.6 kDa; MR 1391. T00513 106.9 kDa; MR 1392. T00970 108.0 kDa; MEP-1 1393. T00161 110.0 kDa; CPE binding protein 1394. T00296 110.0 kDa; FTZ-F1 1395. T00391 110.0 kDa; H4TF-1 1396. T00420 110.0 kDa; IRBP 1397. T01271 110.0 kDa; TAF(II)110 1398. T00669 110.6 kDa; Ovo 1399. T01558 111.1 kDa; SREBP-1c 1400. T01163 111.4 kDa; PUT3 1401. T02143 112.8 kDa; TIF1 1402. T00428 113.0 kDa; ISGF-3 1403. T01243 113.0 kDa; TSF3 1404. T01455 113.0 kDa; ISGF-3alpha 1405. T02034 113.4 kDa; SWI4 1406. T01557 113.5 kDa; SREBP-1b 1407. T00086 114.1 kDa; CBF (5) 1408. T02314 114.2 kDa; BZP 1409. T00502 115.0 kDa; MEB-1 1410. T00503 115.0 kDa; MEB-1 1411. T01946 115.6 kDa; NF-ATx 1412. T01019 116.0 kDa; Elf-1 1413. T02244 116.0 kDa; TFIIF 1414. T02215 116.7 kDa; TIF1 (1051 AA form) 1415. T00273 117.0 kDa; Evi-1 1416. T00919 117.4 kDa; Zfh-1 1417. T00330 118.0 kDa; GLI 1418. T00270 120.0 kDa; ETF 1419. T01379 120.0 kDa; 120-kDa CRE-binding protein 1420. T01944 120.0 kDa; NF-ATp 1421. T01948 120.0 kDa; NF-ATp 1422. T01559 120.5 kDa; SREBP-1 1423. T01270 120.7 kDa; TAF(II)145 1424. T01556 121.6 kDa; SREBP-1a 1425. T00842 122.8 kDa; Tra-1 (long form) 1426. T01467 123.1 kDa; deltaEF1 1427. T01694 123.1 kDa; NF-X1 1428. T00835 123.2 kDa; TMF 1429. T01688 123.3 kDa; STC 1430. T01560 123.7 kDa; SREBP-2 1431. T01561 123.7 kDa; SREBP-2 1432. T00775 123.8 kDa; SWI4 1433. T00625 124.1 kDa; AREB6 1434. T01608 128.4 kDa; p130 1435. T00879 130.0 kDa; vaccinia virus DNA-binding protein 1436. T01367 133.0 kDa; E75A 1437. T02120 138.5 kDa; TAF(II)150 1438. T01077 140.0 kDa; c-abl 1439. T02152 143.8 kDa; SRB8 1440. T02042 144.3 kDa; Cux 1441. T00778 147.0 kDa; TAF 1442. T00382 150.0 kDa; HSE-binding protein 1443. T00011 151.0 kDa; ADR1 1444. T01368 152.0 kDa; E75B 1445. T02153 160.0 kDa; SRB9 1446. T01269 161.5 kDa; TAF(II)150 1447. T02286 162.2 kDa; MTB-Zf 1448. T00346 164.0 kDa; HAP1 1449. T00100 164.4 kDa; CDP 1450. T00401 170.0 kDa; ICP4 1451. T01268 170.0 kDa; TAF(II)170 1452. T00331 172.0 kDa; GLI3 1453. T00366 180.0 kDa; HIP1 1454. T01377 180.0 kDa; E2F-BF 1455. T01682 180.0 kDa; PTFalpha 1456. T01261 180.8 kDa; brahma 1457. T02207 189.4 kDa; TAF(II)250Delta 1458. T01949 190.0 kDa; NF-ATc3 1459. T00473 200.0 kDa; LIT-1 1460. T02206 212.7 kDa; CCG1 1461. T00096 214.4 kDa; CCBF 1462. T00781 214.7 kDa; TAF(II)250 1463. T01038 220.0 kDa; TFIIF 1464. T01378 220.0 kDa; E2F-I 1465. T00822 230.0 kDa; TFIIE 1466. T02262 230.0 kDa; TFIIH 1467. T02119 232.5 kDa; TAF(II)250 1468. T02004 233.6 kDa; Cut 1469. T02317 243.7 kDa; Zn-15 1470. T01427 264.1 kDa; p300 1471. T02214 265.1 kDa; CBP 1472. T01318 265.5 kDa; CBP 1473. T02313 267.4 kDa; MIBP1 1474. T00939 274.9 kDa; HIV-EP2 1475. T00007 288.3 kDa; alphaA-CRYBP1 1476. T00497 297.0 kDa; MBP-1 (1) 1477. T00071 300.0 kDa; B-TFIID 1478. T02107 300.0 kDa; PC5 1479. T00048 305.7 kDa; ATBF1-B 1480. T00920 332.1 kDa; Zfh-2 1481. T00850 404.0 kDa; Ttx 1482. T01665 404.5 kDa; ATBF1-A 1483. T02140 500.0 kDa; PC2

TABLE 4 Selected examples of RS-related proteins identified from the database searches, sorted according to cluster assignment and functional association. ¹ Motifs Name of Functional Entry Cluster (other protein/ association number number Species than RS) homolog Splicing (RS- 3 2 Dm SRM300 related 4 3 Ce SWAP2 5 3 Dm SWAP2 6 4 Hs SWAP2 9 6 Hs SIP1 23 7 Hs RRM RNPS1 35 7, 64 Dm RRM U1-70K 38 7, 64, 110, Dm RRM U2AF-50 127, 131, 141 SWISS-PROT: U2AF-65 P26368 SWISS-PROT: 9G8 Q16629 44 7, 64, 127, 141 Ce RRM U1-70K 76 21 Dm SURP SWAP1 89 28 Dm KH- SF1 RBD/ZNF 90 29 Dm PWI SRM16O 101 38 Dm TRA 111 46 Ce DEAD- U5-100K BOX 114 46 Dm DEAD- U5-100K BOX 115 47 Ce DEAD- HRH1 BOX 116 47 Dm S1- HRH1 RBD/DEAH- BOX 244 120 Dm RRM TRA2 SWISS-PROT: U1 snRNP 70 kDa P08621 SWISS-PROT: U2AF 35 kDa Q01081 SWISS-PROT: U2AF 65 kDa P26368 ENSP00000261905, U5 snRNP 100 kDa Q9BUQ8 SWISS-PROT: SC35 Q01130 SWISS-PROT: SRp20 P23152 SWISS-PROT: SRp30C Q13242 SWISS-PROT: SRp54 Q05519 SWISS-PROT: SRp55 Q13247 SWISS-PROT: SF2 Q07955 SWISS-PROT: DEAH-box protein 8 Q14562 SWISS-PROT: hnRNP G P38159 SWISS-PROT: Serine/tbreonine- Q13523 protein kinase SWISS-PROT: Hypothetical protein Q9Y388 CGI-79.B SWISS-PROT: B-lymphocyte Q02040 antigen precursor 3′-end processing 97 36 Ce FIP1 98 36 Dm FF FIP1 119 50 Ce CF-IM 68K 120 50 Dm CF-IM 68K Chrornatin- 108 44 Dm CIR associated 190 87 Hs RRM ACINUS 191 87 Dm (RRM) ACINUS 212 103 Dm BROMO GCN5 Transcription 11 6 Dm PHD/ZNF/ SCAF1 (RNA pol II- RING associated 17 7 Hs SCAF4 25 7, 17 Hs SCAF10/SR-CYP 30 7, 17, 64, 127, Dm RRM SCAF8 131 63 16 Hs SCAF9 75 20 Ce SRP129/SCAF11 82 25 Ce ZNF/RING/ FCP1a PHOS 99 36 Dm WW CA150 164 69 Ce CYCLIN CYCLIN L 165 69 Dm CYCLIN CYCLIN L 249 124 Dm DSLF-P160/SPT5 Transcription 24 7, 17, 64, 127 Hs LISCH (other) 85 27 Hs CACTIN1 87 27 Dm CACTIN1 133 60 Dm ZNF/RING NF- X1/SHUTTLECRAFT 208 100 Hs BTF 291 137 Dm PHD ALHAMBRA Kinases and 203 99 Hs KIN PRP4-RELATED phosphatases KINASE 204 99 Hs KIN CLK-2 KINASE 206 99 Dm KIN PITSLRE KINASE 207 99 Dm KIN CRK7 KINASE 320 148 Sc RHOD Ppz1p 324 152 Sc PHOS Mip1p/Cdc25p Cell structure 168 72 Hs B41 BAND 4 + 1-LIKE 169 72 Dm B41 BAND 4 + 1-LIKE 235 114 Sc Sla1p

TABLE 5 Oligonucleotide sequences used for ChIP PCR and Real Time PCR analysis. Amplicon Forward Primer Reverse Primer HIV LTR ctgcatccggagtacttcaa aaccagagaagacccagtaca gaac ggc (SEQ ID NO 2) (SEQ ID NO 3) FFL atgtatagatttgaagaaga gataaatcgtatttgtcaatca gctgtttct gagtgct (SEQ ID NO 4) (SEQ ID NO 5) gapdh tactagcggttttacgggcg tcgaacaggaggagcagagagc (SEQ ID NO 6) ga (SEQ ID NO 7) hsp70 gaagagtctggagagttctg ccttttcccttctgagccaa (SEQ ID NO 8) (SEQ ID NO 9) p21/CIP tatatcagggccgcgctg ggctccacaaggaactgacttc (SEQ ID NO 10) (SEQ ID NO 11) cad atcccgtggctccgcggac gcaaactccactggaaccac (SEQ ID NO 12) (SEQ ID NO 13) HLA-DRA aacccttcccctagcaacag ctagcacagggactccactta at tg (SEQ ID NO 14) (SEQ ID NO 15) Antibodies used in the IP and ChIP assays. Source Catalog Protein (Company) Number GFP Santa Cruz sc-8334 Biotechnologies RNA Polymerase II Santa Cruz sc-899 (N20) Biotechnologies CTD (8WG16) Covance MMS-126R S5P-CTD (H14) Covance MMS134R S2P-CTD (H5) Covance MMS-129R HA Covance MMS-101P CyclinT1 Santa Cruz sc-10750 Biotechnologies Normal Rabbit IgG Upstate 12-370 HIV Tat Covance MMS-116P Nucleolin Santa Cruz sc-13057 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of inhibiting replication of an immunodeficiency virus, the method comprising the steps of expressing in a cell a nucleic acid construct in an amount sufficient for inhibition of viral transcription, the construct comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding HIV-Tat activation domain linked to a second nucleic acid sequence encoding U2AF65, Sfl, 9G8, CstFl, or hnRNP A1.
 2. A method of treating a subject infected with an immunodeficiency virus, the method comprising the steps of administering a nucleic acid construct in an amount sufficient for inhibition of viral transcription, the construct comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding HIV-Tat activation domain linked to a second nucleic acid sequence encoding U2AF65, Sfl, 9G8, CstFl, or hnRNP A1.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the inhibition of transcription is at least 25%.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the inhibition of transcription is at least 50%.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the inhibition of transcription is at least 75%.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the inhibition of transcription is at least 95%.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a T-cell infected with HIV.
 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the inhibition of viral transcription is at least 25%.
 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the inhibition of viral transcription is at least 50%.
 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the inhibition of viral transcription is at least 75%.
 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the inhibition of viral transcription is at least 95%.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence encodes U2AF65.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence encodes Sfl.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence encodes 9G8.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence encodes CstF1.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence encodes hnRNP A
 1. 17. The method of claim 2, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence encodes U2AF65.
 18. The method of claim 2, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence encodes Sfl.
 19. The method of claim 2, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence encodes 9G8.
 20. The method of claim 2, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence encodes CstF1.
 21. The method of claim 2, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence encodes hnRNP A1. 